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Human Physiology And Pathophysiology > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

The largest organ of the cell components:

A

Skin (Cutaneous membrane)
Nails
Hair
Cutaneous sense organs and glands

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2
Q

Skin has many percent in adult body

A

2sq.m (22sq.ft)
Weighs: 4.5-5 kg (20-11lb)
7% of total body weight

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3
Q

Skin has many percent in adult body

A

2sq.m (22sq.ft)
Weighs: 4.5-5 kg (20-11lb)
7% of total body weight

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4
Q

2 Major Tissue Layer of the Skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis

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5
Q

Superficial layer
Stratified squamous epithelium
Cornified or keratinized (hardened by keratin) to prevent water loss
Avascular (no blood supply)
Most cell are keratinocytes

A

Epidermis

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6
Q

A major tissue layer of skin which function is to prevent water loss and resist abrasion

A

Epidermis

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7
Q

Dense connective tissue
Vascular
10-30 thicker than the epidermis
Layer of dense connective tissue depending on the location (blood vessel, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, etc)

A

Dermis

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8
Q

Major tissue layer of the skin which function is to

A

…

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9
Q

Skin rests on the subcutaneous tissue which is a layer of connective tissue (adipose, areolar)
It is not part of the skin but it connects the skin to underlying muscle or bone

A

Hypodermis

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10
Q

It function as padding and insulation

A

Hypodermis

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11
Q

Acceptable body fat for female and male

A

Female: 22-30%
Male: 23-25%

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12
Q

Layers of Epidermis (thick, hairless layer)

A

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

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13
Q

Deepest layer of epidermis
Lies next to dermis
Wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two together
Cells undergoing mitosis
Daughter cell are pushed upward to become more the superficial layer

A

Stratum Basale (Stratum Germinativum)

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14
Q

Several cell layer thick
Contain a weblike system of intermediate filaments

A

Stratum Spinosum (Pricky Layer)

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15
Q

4 to 6 Layers thick
Accumulates two type of granules

A

Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)

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16
Q

2 Types of Granules

A

Keratohyaline Granules
Lamellar Granules

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17
Q

Tyoe of granule that help to form keratin in the upper layer

A

Keratohyaline Granules

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18
Q

Type of granule that contain water-resistant glycolipid for slowing water loss across the epidermis

A

Lamellar Granules

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19
Q

Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata
Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and sole of feet

A

Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer)

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20
Q

Outermost layer of epidermis
Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevent water loss from skin)

A

Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer)

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21
Q

Excessive sloughing of stratum corneum cells from the surface of the scalp

A

Dandruff

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22
Q

Skin subjected to friction, the number of layers in the stratum corneum greatly increases, producing a thickened area

A

Callus (Hard Skin)

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23
Q

Over a bony prominence, the stratum corneum can thicken to form a ccone-shaped structure

A

Corn

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24
Q

Why is the soles and palms have no hair?

A

Because it is very thick and highly keratinized

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25
Q

Location: Palms of hands, soles of feet

A

Thick Skin

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26
Q

Location: Rest of the body

A

Thin Skin

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27
Q

Structure: 5 epidermal layers, including stratum lucidum

A

Thick Skin

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28
Q

Structure: 4 epidermal layers without stratum lucidum

A

Thin Skin

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29
Q

Function: Protective, withstands friction and wear

A

Thick Skin

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30
Q

Function: Sensory Perception, Touch and Temperature Sensitivity

A

Thin Skin

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31
Q

Hair and Glands: No hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands

A

Thick Skin

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32
Q

Hair and Glands: Contain follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands

A

Thin Skin

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33
Q

Cells in Epidermis

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Dentritic (Langerhans) Cell / Intraepidermal Cells
Tactile (Merkel) Cells

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34
Q

Produces keratin, a fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties
Arise in the deepest part of epidermis, stratum basale

A

Keratinocytes

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35
Q

Spider-shaped epithelial cell
Synthesize melanin pigment
Found in the deepest part of the epidermis

A

Melanocytes

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36
Q

Arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis
Ingest foreign substances
Key activators of our immune system

A

Dendritic (Langerhans) Cell / Intraepidermal Cells

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37
Q

Present at the epidermal-dermal cell
Functions as sensory receptor for touch

A

Tactile (Merkel) Cell

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38
Q

2 Layers of Dermis

A

Papillary Layer (Upper Dermal Region)
Reticular Layer

39
Q

Areolar Connective Tissue
Collagen and Elastic Fiber form a loosely woven mat
Projections called dermal
papillae
Some contain capillary
loops

A

Papillary region

40
Q

Others house pain
receptors and touch
receptors called

A

tactile or
Meissner’s corpuscles

41
Q

80% of the thickness of the dermis
Dense fibrous connective tissue

A

Reticular layer

42
Q

Reticular layer has this that help or important to surgeon

A

Cleavage/Tension Line

43
Q

It is in reticular layer that describe as a dermal folds that occur at or near joints

A

Flexure lines

44
Q

Types of Flexure line

A

Normal palm creases
Simian Crease

45
Q

Polymer made by tyrosine amino acid

A

Melanin

46
Q

Melanin
Yellow to Red

A

Pheomelanin

47
Q

Melanin
Brown to Black

A

Eumelanin

48
Q

Precursor of vitamin A need for vison
Lipid soluble
Oranhe-yellow pigment from vegetable
Accumulates in the stratum corneum and in fatty tissue of the hypodermis

A

Carotene

49
Q

Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries
Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

A

Hemoglobin

50
Q

It is produced by the golgi apparatus of the melanocyte

A

Melanosomes

51
Q

Process of Keratinizaton

A

..

52
Q

Normal skin color determinants

A

Melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin

53
Q

Alteration in skin color

A

Cyanotic
Redness (Erythema)
Pallor (Blanching)
Jaundice (Yellowing)
Depigmentation
Bronzing (Hyperpigmentation)
Albinism
Bruises

54
Q

Skin appear bluish

A

Cyanotic

55
Q

Due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever or allergy

A

Redness (Erythema)

56
Q

Due to emotional stress such as fear, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area

A

Pallor (Blanching)

57
Q

Liver disorder, gallbladder or pancreas; occurs when too much bilirubin builds up in the body

A

Jaundice (Yellowing)

58
Q

Vitiligo (Skin condition)
Happens when the skin entirely loses pigment and turns white

A

Depigmentation

59
Q

Addison’s Disease
Primary adrenal insufficiency

A

Bronzing (Hyperpigmentation)

60
Q

Genetic Disorder
inherited condition that leads to someone having very light skin, hair, and eyes

A

Albinism

61
Q

Hematomas

A

Bruises

62
Q

Skin Appendages

A

Cutaneous glands
-all exocrine glands
-sebaceous (oil) glands
-sweat (sudoriferous) glands
Hair
Hairl Follicles
Nail

63
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance of Skin

A

Whitehead
Blackhead
Acne
Seborrhea

64
Q

Produce oil (sebum), accumulated lipids and cell fragments
Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface
Glands are activated at puberty

A

Oil (sebaceous) gland

65
Q

Function of oil (sebaceous) glands

A

•Lubricant for skin
•Prevents brittle hair
•Kills bacteria

66
Q

Sebum is released by

A

Holocrine secretion

67
Q

accumulated sebum blocks a
sebaceous gland duct

A

whitehead

68
Q

material oxidizes and dries

A

blackhead

69
Q

an active inflammation of sebaceous glands
accompanied by “pimples” – caused by bacterial
infection (Staphylococcus)

A

Acne

70
Q

overactive sebaceous gland, in infants
it is known as

A

Seborrhea “Cradle Cap”

71
Q

Produce sweat
Widely distributed in skin except nipples and parts of external genitalia

A

Sweat (Sudoriferous) glands

72
Q

2 Types of Sweat (Sudoriferous) glands

A

Eccrine
Apocrine

73
Q

Numerous and abundant in the palms, soles of the feet and forehead
Open via duct to pore on skin surface
Produce sweat (clear) – water & few salts

A

Eccrine (Merocrine) Sweat Glands

74
Q

Aprox. 2,000 are largely confined to the axillary and anogenital areas
Ducts empty into hair follicles
Begin to function at puberty
Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and
proteins (milky/yellowish color)

A

Apocrine sweat glands

75
Q

Sweat Composition

A

•Mostly water
•Salts and vitamin C
•Some metabolic waste
•Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)

76
Q

Sweat Function

A

•Helps dissipate excess heat
•Excretes waste products
•Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth

77
Q

Associated with bacteria

A

sweat

78
Q

Modified apocrine sweat glands

A

Ciliary glands
Ceruminous glands
Mammary glands

79
Q

Found in the eyelids

A

Ciliary glands

80
Q

Modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal
Secretion mixes with sebum to produce cerumen or ear wax

A

Ceruminous glands

81
Q

Secretes milk

A

Mammary glands

82
Q

Produced by hair follicle
Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells
Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color
Hair grows in the matrix of the hair bulb in stratum basale

A

Hair / Pili

83
Q

Dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair root

A

Hair follicle

84
Q

Smooth muscle cells
Pulls hairs upright when cold or frightened
Important role: contractions force sebum out of hair
follicles to the skin surface where it acts as skin lubricant.

A

Arrector Pili Muscle

85
Q

Types of Hair growth

A

Lanugo
Vellus Hair
Terminal (Androgenic) Hair

86
Q

very thin, soft, usually unpigmented, downy hair that is sometimes found on the body of a fetus or newborn

A

Lanugo

87
Q

thin, fine hair that grows on most of your body

A

vellus hair

88
Q

coarse, thick hair that is found on the scalp, underarms, and pubic area and in men found in face

A

Terminal (androgenic) hair

89
Q

homeostatic imbalance in hair

A

Hirsutism
Alopecia
True or Frank Baldness

90
Q

excessive hairiness
may result from an adrenal gland or ovarian tumor

A

Hirsutism

91
Q

hair thinning and some degree of baldness

A

Alopecia

92
Q

Most common, male pattern baldness

A

true or frank baldness

93
Q

Scale-like modifications of the epidermis
Heavily keratinized
Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed
Responsible for growth
Lack of pigment makes them colorless

A

Nail

Human Physiology And Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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