Skeletal System (Lec) Flashcards
Include the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body or the trunk
Axial Skeleton
Bones of the limbs and girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Dense and looks smooth and homogenous
Compact Bone
Has a spiky, open appearance like a sponge
Spongy Bone
typically longer than they are wide
Long Bones
thin, flattened, and usually curved
Flat Bones
have shafts with enlarged ends
Long Bones
have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them
Flat Bones
contain mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone
Short bones
Any bone that does not fit the aforementioned categorizes
Irregular Bones
cube-shaped bones
Short bones
What bone classification do sesamoid bone, wrist & ankle bones belong?
Short bones
What bone classification do most bones of skull, ribs, sternum belong?
Flat bones
What bone classification does vertebrae belong in?
Irregular bones
Makes up most of the bone’s length
Diaphysis
a fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the diaphysis
Periosteum
Aka “Perforating Fibers”
Sharpey’s fibers
the ends of long bones
Epiphyses
covers the external surface of the epiphysis
Articular cartilage
Part of the bone composed of compact bone
Diaphysis
secure the periosteum to the underlying bone
Sharpey’s Fibers
consists of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone
Epiphyses
remnant of the epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal line
a delicate connective tissue that covers the inner bony surface of the shaft
Endosteum
seen in young, growing bones
Epiphyseal plate
cavity of the shaft
Medullary cavity
in infants, the medullary cavity is a storage of?
Red marrow
The red marrow is gradually replaced by?
Yellow marrow
composed of hyaline cartilage
Articular cartilage
Large, rounded projection, may be roughened
Tuberosity
Narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent
Crest
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
Trochanter
Narrow ridge of the bone, less prominent than a crest
Line
Small, rounded projection or process
Tubercle
Raised area on or above a condyle
Epicondyle
Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Spine
Any bony prominence
Process
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Head
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Facet
Rounded articular projection
Condyle
Armlike bar of bone
Ramus
Furrow
Groove
Narrow, slitlike opening
Fissure
Round or oval opening through a bone
Foramen
Indentation at the edge of a structure
Notch
Canal or tunnel-like passageway
Meatus
Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Fossa
small needle-like pieces of bone that comprises the spongy bone
Trabeculae
Aka “osteon”
Haversian System
spaces filled by marrow, blood vessels, and nerves
Trabeculae
Structural and functional unit of compact bone
Haversian system
Mature bone cells
Osteocytes
Name the six parts of the Haversian System
Osteocytes
Lacunae
Lamellae
Central Canals
Canaliculi
Volkmann’s Canal
Aka “Haversian Canal”
Central Canals
Cells responsible for the formation of new bone tissue
Osteoblast
Cells responsible for the resorption of the bone
Osteoclast
Derived from osteoblast
Osteocytes
Living element of the bone
Osteocytes
Primitive connective tissue will be replaced by osteoid matrix
Membranous phase
Aka “cartilaginous phase”
Endochondrial phase
They regulate the flow of minerals into & out the bone
Osteocytes
Stage where osteoclast are activated
Activation
Name the stages of bone remodelling
Activation
Resorption
Reversal
Formation
Quiescence
Stage where osteoclast dissolve the bone
Resorption
Stage where new bone tissues are formed
Formation
Stage where osteoblast are recruited
Reversal
Stage where bone undergoes dormancy until the next cycle begins
Quiescence
usually brought about by a lack of calcium in the diet or lack of vitamin D, which is necessary for calcium absorption into the bloodstream
Rickets
Break or discontinuity in a bone
Fractures
the weight-bearing bones of the legs become bowed
Rickets
communication between the bone & the surrounding structures
Open communication
Aka “compound fracture”
Open
Aka “simple fx”
Close
Total discontinuity
Complete
Crack/ avulsed
Incomplete
Name the major events of bone repair
• A hematoma forms
• A fibrocartilage callus forms
• The bony callus forms
• Bone remodeling occurs
Bone breaks into 3 or more fragments
Comminuted
Bone is crushed
Compression
Broken bone portion is pressed inward
Depression
Broken bone ends are forced into each other
Impacted
Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
Spiral
Bone breaks incompletely
Greenstick
Aka “articulations”
Joints
hold the bones together securely and give the rigid skeleton mobility
Joints
immovable joints
Synarthroses
slightly movable joints
Amphiarthroses
no mobility to very slight mobility
Synarthroses
mobility with stability
Amphiarthroses
freely movable joints
Diarthroses
bones are united by fibrous tissue
Fibrous joints
come in two varieties, which differ in the type of cartilage involved
Cartilaginous joints
immovable joints linked by hyaline cartilage
Synchondroses
amphiarthrotic joints linked by discs of fibrocartilage
Sympheses
are joint in which the articulating bone
ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid
Synovial joints
Name four synovial joints
Articular cartilage
Reinforcing ligaments
Articular capsule
Joint cavity
Flattened fibrous sacs lines with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid
Bursae
an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction
Tendon sheath
They are common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
Bursae
articular surfaces are essentially flat
Plane
cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another bone
Hinge joint
only short slipping or gliding movements
Plane joint
Angular movements is allowed in just one plane
Hinge joint
rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of bone uniaxial joints
Pivot joint
egg-shaped articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity in another
Condylar joint
each articular surface has both convex and concave areas
Saddle joint
allow the moving bone to travel (1) from side to side and (2) back and forth, but the bone cannot rotate around its long axis
Condylar joint
spherical head of one bone fits into the round socket in another
Ball-and-socket joint
multiaxial joints allow movements in all axes, including rotation
Ball-and-socket joint
Function for support, protection, allow movement, storage, blood cell formation
Bones
