Cytology Flashcards
refers to the basic unit of life and is approx. 50 to 100 million
cells
according to this principle, activities of cells are dictated by its anatomy and physiology
Principle of Complementarity
Substance that makes up the cell
protoplasm
enumerate the 5 cell components
Water
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Ions
Lipids
makes up 60% of the cell
water
makes up 40% of water
ICF/intracellular fluid
makes up 20% of water
ECF/extracellular fluid
makes up 5% of ECF
plasma
makes up 15% of ECF
interstitial fluid
give at least 5 components of intracellular fluid
Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate
Sulfate
Organic Anion
Proteins
Most abundant ion: Organic anion Potassium (OaK)
give at least 3 components of extracellular fluid
Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Calcium
enumerate the 5 components of protoplasm
carbohydrates, lipids, ions, water, proteins
control center of the cell which contains DNA
nucleus
Most abundant ion in ICF
OaK (Organic anion Potassium)
Most abundant ion in ECF
NaCl (Sodium Chloride)
Three organelles plant cells have that animal cells don’t have
Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast
blueprint that contains all the instructions needed for building the whole body
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
aka nuclear membrane
Nuclear envelope
Contains genes
Nucleus
allows some but not all substances to pass through it, but substances pass through it much more freely than elsewhere because of its relatively large pores
Nuclear envelope
sites where cell structures called ribosomes are assembled
Nucleolus
loose network of “beads on a string”
Chromatin
small, dark staining, essentially round bodies
Nucleolus
encloses nucleoplasm
Nuclear envelope
A.k.a. “Cell Membrane”
Plasma membrane
Plasma membrane is composed of?
Proteins and lipids
Function of proteins in cell
R- Receptors
I- Ion Channels
C- Carriers
E- Enzymes
M- Markers
A- Adhesions
P- Pumps
Nature of lipids
A- Amphipathic in nature
B- Bilayer of lipids
S- Semipermeable
What particles can permeate the plasma membrane (arrange from most to least permeable)
Gases
Solutes
Water
Bacteria
cellular material between the inner nucleus and outer plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Three major components of cytoplasm
Cytosol
Inclusions
Organelles
semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements
Cytosol
specialized cellular compartments
Organelles
site of most cellular activities
Cytoplasm
chemical substances whose presence depends on the cell type
Inclusions
function as the metabolic machinery of the cell
Organelles
Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
What does mitochondria generate?
ATP
Has ribosomes on its surface
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Doesn’t have ribosomes
Smooth ER
stack of flattened membranous sacs
Golgi apparatus
Transports protein vesicle to golgi apparatus
Rough ER
sites of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Functions for lipid metabolism
Smooth ER
Creates protein filled vesicles
Rough ER
modify, package, and ship proteins in specific ways
Golgi apparatus
A.k.a “cell scavenger” “demolition site”
“suicide bags”
Lysosomes
Framework of the cell
Cytoskeleton
Produced by smooth ER
Peroxisomes
Made up of protein/ enzymes
Lysosomes
What do peroxisomes contain?
Oxidase
What do lysosomes contain?
Hydrolase
Fxns:
a) determining cell shape
b) supporting other organelles
c) providing the means for intracellular transport
Cytoskeleton
digest bacteria et worn out cells
Lysosomes
What elements make up the cytoskeleton?
Microfilament
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
strong and ropelike structures that form desmosomes
Intermediate filaments
Component in cytoskeleton such as actin and myosin
Microfilaments
made up of repeating subunits of the protein tubulin
Microtubules
collectively called centrosome
Centrioles
responsible for the movement of sperm cells
Flagella
longer than cilla
Flagella
tiny, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane
Microvilli
move substances along the cell surface
Cilia
whip like cellular extensions
Cilia
generates microtubules
Centrioles
process by which molecules move away from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
Diffusion
extending the surface area of cells active in absorption
Microvilli
directing the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division
Centrioles
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
When a solute passes through the membrane without any assistance
Simple diffusion
Net water gain and cell swells
Hypotonic solution
Three factors that increases the rate of Diffusion
a) Higher temperature
b) Smaller molecules
c) Higher partition coefficient
Name lipid-soluble solutes
a) fats
b) fat-soluble vitamins
c) O2
d) CO2
In osmosis, water passes through the membrane using special pores called?
Aquaporins
Net water loss and cell shrinks
Hypertonic solution
No net loss or gain
Isotonic solution
Uses carrier proteins
Carrier mediated diffusion
Uses electrical current
Voltage-gated diffusion
Uses chemical (neurotransmitter)
Ligand-gated channel
• “uphill mov’t”
• Uses ATP
• Against concentration gradient
Active transport
water and solutes are forced through a membrane (or capillary wall) by fluid or hydrostatic pressure
Filtration
Active transport that uses ATP
Primary active transport
Use ATP from the primary active transport
Secondary active transport
moves substances in or out of the cell in large quantities without crossing the plasma membrane directly
Vesicular transport
Expulsion of cell content
Exocytosis
involves the use of ATP to fuse or separate membrane vesicles and the cell membrane
Vesicular transport
Ingestion of particles
Endocytosis
“cell eating”
Phagocytosis
“cell drinking”
Pinocytosis
Ingestion of large/ solid particles
Phagocytosis
Ingestion of small/ liquid
Pinocytosis
series of changes that occurs in a cell from its formation until it undergoes cell division
Cell life cycle
Period of cell growth before the DNA is duplicated
G1
Period after DNA is duplicated. Cell prepares for division
G2
Period when the DNA is duplicated (when chromosomes are duplicated)
S
when the cell grows and performs normal metabolic activities
Interphase
when cell reproduces
Cell Division
includes the preparatory phase of cell division
Interphase
DNA molecule is duplicated exactly
DNA replication
building blocks of the DNA molecule
Nucleotides
What do nucleotides consist of?
a) deoxyribose sugar
b) phosphate group
c) nitrogen-containing base
Occurs toward the end of interphase
DNA Replication
Cell division for somatic cells
Mitosis
Cell division for sexual reproduction
Meiosis
Aka gametes
Sex cells
How many daughter cells are in mitosis?
Two (diploid)
How many daughter cells are in meiosis?
Four (haploid)
usually begins in late anaphase and completes during telophase
Cytokinesis
Nucleus & nuclear envelope disappears
Prophase
Chromosomes are aligned at the midline/ equidistant by the microtubules
Metaphase
Final stage of cell division wherein the cells is divided to produce 2 cells
Telophase
Centrioles moves to opposite pole
Prophase
Formation of cleavage furrow
Telophase
cellular process in which proteins are produced
Protein synthesis
major building material for cells
Fibrous (structural) proteins
Perform functional roles in the body
Globular (functional) proteins
Nucleus & nuclear envelope reappear
Telophase
single stranded
Ribonucleic acid
a DNA segment that carries the information for building one protein
Gene
RNA that helps for the ribosomes
rRNA
Nucleotide pairings of DNA
Adenine-Thymine
Guanine-Cytosine
Each sequence of three-bases
Triplet
carry the “message” containing instructions for protein synthesis from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes
mMRNA
small, cloverleaf-shaped molecules that escort amino acids to the ribosome
tRNA
Process of protein synthesis
Transcription
Translation
the language of nucleic acids (base sequence) is “translated” into the language of proteins (amino acid sequence)
Translation
involves the transfer of information from the sequence of bases in a DNA gene into the complementary sequence of mRNA by an enzyme
Transcription
corresponding three- sequence base sequences on
mRNA
Codons
Nucleotide pairings in RNA
Adenine-Uracil
Guanine-Cytosine
Corrects the sequence of amino acids via anticodon
tRNA
