Cytology Flashcards
1
Q
refers to the basic unit of life and is approx. 50 to 100 million
A
cells
2
Q
according to this principle, activities of cells are dictated by its anatomy and physiology
A
Principle of Complementarity
3
Q
Substance that makes up the cell
A
protoplasm
4
Q
enumerate the 5 cell components
A
Water
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Ions
Lipids
5
Q
makes up 60% of the cell
A
water
6
Q
makes up 40% of water
A
ICF/intracellular fluid
7
Q
makes up 20% of water
A
ECF/extracellular fluid
8
Q
makes up 5% of ECF
A
plasma
9
Q
makes up 15% of ECF
A
interstitial fluid
10
Q
give at least 5 components of intracellular fluid
A
Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate
Sulfate
Organic Anion
Proteins
Most abundant ion: Organic anion Potassium (OaK)
11
Q
give at least 3 components of extracellular fluid
A
Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Calcium
12
Q
enumerate the 5 components of protoplasm
A
carbohydrates, lipids, ions, water, proteins
13
Q
control center of the cell which contains DNA
A
nucleus
14
Q
Most abundant ion in ICF
A
OaK (Organic anion Potassium)
15
Q
Most abundant ion in ECF
A
NaCl (Sodium Chloride)
16
Q
Three organelles plant cells have that animal cells don’t have
A
Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast
17
Q
blueprint that contains all the instructions needed for building the whole body
A
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
18
Q
aka nuclear membrane
A
Nuclear envelope
19
Q
Contains genes
A
Nucleus
20
Q
allows some but not all substances to pass through it, but substances pass through it much more freely than elsewhere because of its relatively large pores
A
Nuclear envelope
21
Q
sites where cell structures called ribosomes are assembled
A
Nucleolus
22
Q
loose network of “beads on a string”
A
Chromatin
23
Q
small, dark staining, essentially round bodies
A
Nucleolus
24
Q
encloses nucleoplasm
A
Nuclear envelope
25
A.k.a. “Cell Membrane”
Plasma membrane
26
Plasma membrane is composed of?
Proteins and lipids
27
Function of proteins in cell
R- Receptors
I- Ion Channels
C- Carriers
E- Enzymes
M- Markers
A- Adhesions
P- Pumps
28
Nature of lipids
A- Amphipathic in nature
B- Bilayer of lipids
S- Semipermeable
29
What particles can permeate the plasma membrane (arrange from most to least permeable)
Gases
Solutes
Water
Bacteria
30
cellular material between the inner nucleus and outer plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
31
Three major components of cytoplasm
Cytosol
Inclusions
Organelles
32
semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements
Cytosol
33
specialized cellular compartments
Organelles
34
site of most cellular activities
Cytoplasm
35
chemical substances whose presence depends on the cell type
Inclusions
36
function as the metabolic machinery of the cell
Organelles
37
Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
38
What does mitochondria generate?
ATP
39
Has ribosomes on its surface
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
40
Doesn’t have ribosomes
Smooth ER
41
stack of flattened membranous sacs
Golgi apparatus
42
Transports protein vesicle to golgi apparatus
Rough ER
43
sites of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
44
Functions for lipid metabolism
Smooth ER
45
Creates protein filled vesicles
Rough ER
46
modify, package, and ship proteins in specific ways
Golgi apparatus
47
A.k.a “cell scavenger” “demolition site”
“suicide bags”
Lysosomes
48
Framework of the cell
Cytoskeleton
49
Produced by smooth ER
Peroxisomes
50
Made up of protein/ enzymes
Lysosomes
51
What do peroxisomes contain?
Oxidase
52
What do lysosomes contain?
Hydrolase
53
Fxns:
a) determining cell shape
b) supporting other organelles
c) providing the means for intracellular transport
Cytoskeleton
54
digest bacteria et worn out cells
Lysosomes
55
What elements make up the cytoskeleton?
Microfilament
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
56
strong and ropelike structures that form desmosomes
Intermediate filaments
57
Component in cytoskeleton such as actin and myosin
Microfilaments
58
made up of repeating subunits of the protein tubulin
Microtubules
59
collectively called centrosome
Centrioles
60
responsible for the movement of sperm cells
Flagella
61
longer than cilla
Flagella
62
tiny, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane
Microvilli
63
move substances along the cell surface
Cilia
64
whip like cellular extensions
Cilia
65
generates microtubules
Centrioles
66
process by which molecules move away from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
Diffusion
67
extending the surface area of cells active in absorption
Microvilli
68
directing the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division
Centrioles
69
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
70
When a solute passes through the membrane without any assistance
Simple diffusion
71
Net water gain and cell swells
Hypotonic solution
72
Three factors that increases the rate of Diffusion
a) Higher temperature
b) Smaller molecules
c) Higher partition coefficient
73
Name lipid-soluble solutes
a) fats
b) fat-soluble vitamins
c) O2
d) CO2
74
In osmosis, water passes through the membrane using special pores called?
Aquaporins
75
Net water loss and cell shrinks
Hypertonic solution
76
No net loss or gain
Isotonic solution
77
Uses carrier proteins
Carrier mediated diffusion
78
Uses electrical current
Voltage-gated diffusion
79
Uses chemical (neurotransmitter)
Ligand-gated channel
80
• “uphill mov’t”
• Uses ATP
• Against concentration gradient
Active transport
81
water and solutes are forced through a membrane (or capillary wall) by fluid or hydrostatic pressure
Filtration
82
Active transport that uses ATP
Primary active transport
83
Use ATP from the primary active transport
Secondary active transport
84
moves substances in or out of the cell in large quantities without crossing the plasma membrane directly
Vesicular transport
85
Expulsion of cell content
Exocytosis
86
involves the use of ATP to fuse or separate membrane vesicles and the cell membrane
Vesicular transport
87
Ingestion of particles
Endocytosis
88
“cell eating”
Phagocytosis
89
“cell drinking”
Pinocytosis
90
Ingestion of large/ solid particles
Phagocytosis
91
Ingestion of small/ liquid
Pinocytosis
92
series of changes that occurs in a cell from its formation until it undergoes cell division
Cell life cycle
93
Period of cell growth before the DNA is duplicated
G1
94
Period after DNA is duplicated. Cell prepares for division
G2
95
Period when the DNA is duplicated (when chromosomes are duplicated)
S
96
when the cell grows and performs normal metabolic activities
Interphase
97
when cell reproduces
Cell Division
98
includes the preparatory phase of cell division
Interphase
99
DNA molecule is duplicated exactly
DNA replication
100
building blocks of the DNA molecule
Nucleotides
101
What do nucleotides consist of?
a) deoxyribose sugar
b) phosphate group
c) nitrogen-containing base
102
Occurs toward the end of interphase
DNA Replication
103
Cell division for somatic cells
Mitosis
104
Cell division for sexual reproduction
Meiosis
105
Aka gametes
Sex cells
106
How many daughter cells are in mitosis?
Two (diploid)
107
How many daughter cells are in meiosis?
Four (haploid)
108
usually begins in late anaphase and completes during telophase
Cytokinesis
109
Nucleus & nuclear envelope disappears
Prophase
110
Chromosomes are aligned at the midline/ equidistant by the microtubules
Metaphase
111
Final stage of cell division wherein the cells is divided to produce 2 cells
Telophase
112
Centrioles moves to opposite pole
Prophase
113
Formation of cleavage furrow
Telophase
114
cellular process in which proteins are produced
Protein synthesis
115
major building material for cells
Fibrous (structural) proteins
116
Perform functional roles in the body
Globular (functional) proteins
117
Nucleus & nuclear envelope reappear
Telophase
118
single stranded
Ribonucleic acid
119
a DNA segment that carries the information for building one protein
Gene
120
RNA that helps for the ribosomes
rRNA
121
Nucleotide pairings of DNA
Adenine-Thymine
Guanine-Cytosine
122
Each sequence of three-bases
Triplet
123
carry the “message” containing instructions for protein synthesis from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes
mMRNA
124
small, cloverleaf-shaped molecules that escort amino acids to the ribosome
tRNA
125
Process of protein synthesis
Transcription
Translation
126
the language of nucleic acids (base sequence) is “translated” into the language of proteins (amino acid sequence)
Translation
127
involves the transfer of information from the sequence of bases in a DNA gene into the complementary sequence of mRNA by an enzyme
Transcription
128
corresponding three- sequence base sequences on
mRNA
Codons
129
Nucleotide pairings in RNA
Adenine-Uracil
Guanine-Cytosine
130
Corrects the sequence of amino acids via anticodon
tRNA
