Skeletal System Basics

Question 1

What are the 2 functional parts of the skeletal system?

Answer 1

The axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

Question 2

Axial skeleton

Answer 2

The bones of the cranium, spine (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum), and trunk (hyoid bone, ribs, sternum)

Question 3

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 3

Bones of the limbs, shoulder, and pelvis

Question 4

Cartilage

Answer 4

Semirigid form of connective tissue found where flexibility is required

Question 5

Articulating joint surfaces

Answer 5

Cartilage that provides a smooth low friction gliding surface in synovial joints

Question 6

Why is cartilage avascular?

Answer 6

Because blood vessels do not enter cartilage

Question 7

How does cartilage gain nutrients and oxygen?

Answer 7

Diffusion

Question 8

Does cartilage differ with age?

Answer 8

The younger the person the more cartilage (more flexibility)

Question 9

Where does cartilage come from?

Answer 9

Mesenchyme

Question 10

Endochondral ossification

Answer 10

Process of transforming cartilage into bone

Question 11

Bone function

Answer 11

To support and protect the body and vital cavities. To give a framework for movement. To store salts. To provide nutrition from q production and continuous supply of new blood cells from within the long bone medullary cavity

Question 12

Periosteum

Answer 12

Fibrous connective tissue covering surrounding each skeletal bone element like a sleeve except the articular cartilage

Question 13

Perichondrium

Answer 13

Fibrous connective tissue surrounding cartilage

Question 14

What do periosteal structures do?

Answer 14

Give nourishment and attachment for tendons and ligaments

Question 15

Compact bone

Answer 15

Provide strength for weight bearing. Greatest amount is in the midshaft of the long bones. All bones have a superficial thin layer of compact bone around a mass of spongy bone EXCEPT in the medullary cavity

Question 16

Spongy bone

Answer 16

Lies deep to the compact bone, contains yellow fat, red blood cells, and platelet forming cells that organize within the trabeculae (spicules) of adult bones

Question 17

Classification of bones

Answer 17

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones

Question 18

Long bones

Answer 18

Tubular. Have landmark elevations called ridges, crests, and tubercles (humerus + femur)

Question 19

Short bones

Answer 19

Cuboidal (carpals + tarsals)

Question 20

Flat bones

Answer 20

Provide protection (cranium)

Question 21

Irregular bones

Answer 21

Have various shapes (facial bones)

Question 22

Sesamoid bones

Answer 22

Develop within tendons that cross ends of long bones. Protect tendons from excessive wear (patella)

Question 23

Bone markings and formations

Answer 23

Appear wherever ligaments, tendons, and fascia are attached to bone + when arteries lie adjacent or enter bones

Question 24

What are bone landmarks?

Answer 24

Body, capitulum, condyle, crest, epicondyle, facet, foramen, fossa, groove (sulcus), head, line, malleolus, neck, notch, process, protuberance, shaft, spine, trochlea, trochanter, tubercle, and tuberosity

Question 25

Body

Answer 25

The principle mass of a bone

Question 26

Capitulum

Answer 26

Small round articular head

Question 27

Condyle

Answer 27

Rounded knuckle like articular area (occurring in pairs)

Question 28

Crest

Answer 28

Ridge of bone

Question 29

Epicondyle

Answer 29

An eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle

Question 30

Facet

Answer 30

Smooth flat surface, usually covered with cartilage

Question 31

Foramen

Answer 31

A passage through a bone

Question 32

Fossa

Answer 32

Hollow or depressed area

Question 33

Groove (sulcus)

Answer 33

Elongated depression (furrow)

Question 34

Head

Answer 34

Large smooth rounded articular end

Question 35

Line

Answer 35

Linear elevation (sometimes called a ridge)

Question 36

Malleolus

Answer 36

Rounded process

Question 37

Neck

Answer 37

Short constricted area of bone distal to a head

Question 38

Notch

Answer 38

Indentation on edge of bone

Question 39

Process

Answer 39

An extension or projection having a characteristic shape

Question 40

Protuberance

Answer 40

A bulge or projection of bone

Question 41

Shaft

Answer 41

The body or diaphysis of a long bone

Question 42

Trochlea

Answer 42

Spool like articular process (acts like a pulley)

Question 43

Trochanter

Answer 43

Large blunt elevation

Question 44

Tubercle

Answer 44

Small raised eminence

Question 45

Tuberosity

Answer 45

Large rounded elevation

Question 46

Where are primary ossification center?

Answer 46

In the shaft or diaphysis

Question 47

Where are secondary ossification centers?

Answer 47

In the epiphysis proximal + distal long bone ends

Question 48

Metaphysis

Answer 48

Flared bone part nearest the epiphysis

Question 49

Synostosis

Answer 49

Bone to bone fusion that replace depleted epiphysial plates

Question 50

How do bones obtain nutrients?

Answer 50

They are richly supplied with blood vessels

Question 51

Nutrients arteries

Answer 51

Independent branches outside of the periosteum and pass obliquely through the compact bone of the shaft of a long bone via nutrient foramina

Question 52

Nutrient foramina

Answer 52

Minute holes in the bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate

Question 53

2 types of joint classification

Answer 53

Synovial and non-synovial

Question 54

Structural characteristics of synovial joints

Answer 54

Joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, articular cartilage (joint end surface), accessory parts (disc pads, menisci), and substructural shapes (hinge, pivot, ball + socket, ellipsis, saddle)

Question 55

Subclassifications of synovial joints

Answer 55

Plane (planar), hinge (ginglymus), saddle (sellar), condyloid (ellipsoid), ball + socket, and pivot

Question 56

Plane (planar) joints

Answer 56

Gliding or sliding movements (AC joint)

Question 57

Hinge (ginglymus) joints

Answer 57

Permit flexion + extension only. Movement in one plane around a single axis that runs transversely. Uniaxial joints (elbow)

Question 58

Saddle (sellar) joints

Answer 58

Permit adduction, abduction, flexion, extension. Movement around 2 axes at right angles to each other. Biaxial joints that allow movement in the sagital and frontal planes (thumb)

Question 59

Condyloid (ellipsoid) joint

Answer 59

Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, + circumduction (more restricted than saddle joints). Biaxial joints. (Knuckle joints)

Question 60

Ball and socket joints

Answer 60

Movement in multiple axes and planes. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial + lateral rotation, + circumduction. Multiaxial joints (femur head)

Question 61

Pivot joints

Answer 61

Permit rotation around a central axis. Uniaxial. Rounded process of a bone rotates writhing a sleeve or ring (c1 vertebra)