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Gross Anatomy 1 > Skeletal System Basics > Flashcards

Skeletal System Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 functional parts of the skeletal system?

A

The axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

Axial skeleton

A

The bones of the cranium, spine (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum), and trunk (hyoid bone, ribs, sternum)

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3
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of the limbs, shoulder, and pelvis

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4
Q

Cartilage

A

Semirigid form of connective tissue found where flexibility is required

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5
Q

Articulating joint surfaces

A

Cartilage that provides a smooth low friction gliding surface in synovial joints

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6
Q

Why is cartilage avascular?

A

Because blood vessels do not enter cartilage

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7
Q

How does cartilage gain nutrients and oxygen?

A

Diffusion

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8
Q

Does cartilage differ with age?

A

The younger the person the more cartilage (more flexibility)

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9
Q

Where does cartilage come from?

A

Mesenchyme

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10
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Process of transforming cartilage into bone

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11
Q

Bone function

A

To support and protect the body and vital cavities. To give a framework for movement. To store salts. To provide nutrition from q production and continuous supply of new blood cells from within the long bone medullary cavity

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12
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous connective tissue covering surrounding each skeletal bone element like a sleeve except the articular cartilage

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13
Q

Perichondrium

A

Fibrous connective tissue surrounding cartilage

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14
Q

What do periosteal structures do?

A

Give nourishment and attachment for tendons and ligaments

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15
Q

Compact bone

A

Provide strength for weight bearing. Greatest amount is in the midshaft of the long bones. All bones have a superficial thin layer of compact bone around a mass of spongy bone EXCEPT in the medullary cavity

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16
Q

Spongy bone

A

Lies deep to the compact bone, contains yellow fat, red blood cells, and platelet forming cells that organize within the trabeculae (spicules) of adult bones

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17
Q

Classification of bones

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones

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18
Q

Long bones

A

Tubular. Have landmark elevations called ridges, crests, and tubercles (humerus + femur)

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19
Q

Short bones

A

Cuboidal (carpals + tarsals)

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20
Q

Flat bones

A

Provide protection (cranium)

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21
Q

Irregular bones

A

Have various shapes (facial bones)

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22
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Develop within tendons that cross ends of long bones. Protect tendons from excessive wear (patella)

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23
Q

Bone markings and formations

A

Appear wherever ligaments, tendons, and fascia are attached to bone + when arteries lie adjacent or enter bones

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24
Q

What are bone landmarks?

A

Body, capitulum, condyle, crest, epicondyle, facet, foramen, fossa, groove (sulcus), head, line, malleolus, neck, notch, process, protuberance, shaft, spine, trochlea, trochanter, tubercle, and tuberosity

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25
Q

Body

A

The principle mass of a bone

26
Q

Capitulum

A

Small round articular head

27
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded knuckle like articular area (occurring in pairs)

28
Q

Crest

A

Ridge of bone

29
Q

Epicondyle

A

An eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle

30
Q

Facet

A

Smooth flat surface, usually covered with cartilage

31
Q

Foramen

A

A passage through a bone

32
Q

Fossa

A

Hollow or depressed area

33
Q

Groove (sulcus)

A

Elongated depression (furrow)

34
Q

Head

A

Large smooth rounded articular end

35
Q

Line

A

Linear elevation (sometimes called a ridge)

36
Q

Malleolus

A

Rounded process

37
Q

Neck

A

Short constricted area of bone distal to a head

38
Q

Notch

A

Indentation on edge of bone

39
Q

Process

A

An extension or projection having a characteristic shape

40
Q

Protuberance

A

A bulge or projection of bone

41
Q

Shaft

A

The body or diaphysis of a long bone

42
Q

Trochlea

A

Spool like articular process (acts like a pulley)

43
Q

Trochanter

A

Large blunt elevation

44
Q

Tubercle

A

Small raised eminence

45
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large rounded elevation

46
Q

Where are primary ossification center?

A

In the shaft or diaphysis

47
Q

Where are secondary ossification centers?

A

In the epiphysis proximal + distal long bone ends

48
Q

Metaphysis

A

Flared bone part nearest the epiphysis

49
Q

Synostosis

A

Bone to bone fusion that replace depleted epiphysial plates

50
Q

How do bones obtain nutrients?

A

They are richly supplied with blood vessels

51
Q

Nutrients arteries

A

Independent branches outside of the periosteum and pass obliquely through the compact bone of the shaft of a long bone via nutrient foramina

52
Q

Nutrient foramina

A

Minute holes in the bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate

53
Q

2 types of joint classification

A

Synovial and non-synovial

54
Q

Structural characteristics of synovial joints

A

Joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, articular cartilage (joint end surface), accessory parts (disc pads, menisci), and substructural shapes (hinge, pivot, ball + socket, ellipsis, saddle)

55
Q

Subclassifications of synovial joints

A

Plane (planar), hinge (ginglymus), saddle (sellar), condyloid (ellipsoid), ball + socket, and pivot

56
Q

Plane (planar) joints

A

Gliding or sliding movements (AC joint)

57
Q

Hinge (ginglymus) joints

A

Permit flexión + extension only. Movement in one plane around a single axis that runs transversely. Uniaxial joints (elbow)

58
Q

Saddle (sellar) joints

A

Permit adduction, abduction, flexion, extension. Movement around 2 axes at right angles to each other. Biaxial joints that allow movement in the sagital and frontal planes (thumb)

59
Q

Condyloid (ellipsoid) joint

A

Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, + circumduction (more restricted than saddle joints). Biaxial joints. (Knuckle joints)

60
Q

Ball and socket joints

A

Movement in multiple axes and planes. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial + lateral rotation, + circumduction. Multiaxial joints (femur head)

61
Q

Pivot joints

A

Permit rotation around a central axis. Uniaxial. Rounded process of a bone rotates writhing a sleeve or ring (c1 vertebra)

Gross Anatomy 1 (5 decks)

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