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BIO 131 Exam 2 > Skeletal System and Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Skeletal System and Bone Tissue Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The skeletal system consists of:

A
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
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2
Q

5 functions of the Skeletal System

A
  • SUPPORT the body
  • PROTECT soft organs
  • MOVEMENT
  • **STORAGE **of minerals and fats
  • **BLOOD **cell formation
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3
Q

of bones in the skeleton

A

206

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4
Q

Axial skeleton consists of:

A

Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

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5
Q

Appendicular skeleton consists of:

A
  • Bones of the upper and lower limbs
  • Pectoral and pelvic girdles
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6
Q

5 classifications of bone shape

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid
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7
Q

Bones longer than they are wide (e.g. femur)

A

Long bones

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8
Q

Bones about as long as they are wide (e.g. carpals)

A

Short bones

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9
Q

Bones which are slightly curved and flattened (e.g. scapula)

A

Flat bones

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10
Q

Bones whose shapes don’t fit into other categories (e.g. vertebrae)

A

Irregular bones

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11
Q

Bones surrounded by connective tissue; no bone-to-bone connection (e.g. patella)

A

Sesamoid bones

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12
Q
  • Long shaft of a long bone
  • Contains medullary cavity
  • Made up entirely of compact bone
A

Diaphysis

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13
Q
  • Broadened end of a long bone
  • Made of cancellous (spongy) bone covered by compact bone
  • Covered in hyaline cartilage to form the surface of joints
A

Epiphysis

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14
Q

Red bone marrow is located in the proximal _________

A

Epiphysis

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15
Q
  • Space in the middle of a long bone
  • In adults is filled with yellow marrow (fat)
A

Medullary cavity

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16
Q

Covers the epiphyses of long bones to form the surface of joints

A

Hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

Produces all types of blood cells

A

Red marrow

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18
Q
  • Site of bone elongation
  • Consists of hyaline cartilage
A

Epiphyseal plate (a.k.a. growth plate)

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19
Q
  • Remnant of epiphyseal plate after skeletal maturity
  • Dividing line between the epiphysis and diaphysis
A

Epiphyseal line

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20
Q

As long as this is present you still have the potential to grow taller

A

Epiphyseal plate

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21
Q

Occurs roughly around the ages of 18-21

A

Skeletal maturity

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22
Q

Osteogenic

A

Bone producing (bone generating)

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23
Q
  • Double-layered membrane on the outside of living bone
  • Supplied with nerves + blood vessels and lymph vessels
A

Periosteum

24
Q

Consists of a fibrous outer layer made up of dense irregular connective tissue, and an osteogenic inner layer made up mainly of osteoblasts

A

Periosteum

25
Q
  • Internal bone membrane
  • Lines medullary cavities and honeycombs of spongy bone
  • Contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
A

Endosteum

26
Q

Cells who produce bone matrix

A

Osteoblasts

27
Q

Cells who break down bone matrix

A

Osteoclasts

28
Q

The structural unit of a compact bone

A

Osteon (Haversian system)

29
Q

Concentric layers of hardened bone matrix circling a central canal

A

Lamallae

30
Q
  • Canal running lengthwise
  • Contains blood vessels and nerves
  • Lined by endosteum
A

Central or Haversian canal

31
Q
  • Canals running perpendicular to the Haversian canals
  • Connects Haversian canal and medullary cavity to the periosteum
A

Volkmann’s canals (a.k.a. perforating canals)

32
Q
  • Mature bone cells
  • Spider-shaped
  • Responsible for maintenance of bone matrix
  • Contained in lacunae
A

Osteocytes

33
Q
  • Hair-like canals containing projections of adjacent osteocytes
  • Allow for diffusion of nutrients and waste between cells
A

Canaliculi

34
Q

Name for the organic portion of a bone’s matrix

A

Osteoid

35
Q

Ratio of organic to inorganic components in healthy bone matrix

A

~35% organic to ~65% inorganic

36
Q

Organic ingrediant of bone matrix that gives bone flexibility and tensile strength

A

Collagen

37
Q

Inorganic component of bone matrix that gives bone its hardness

A

Hydroxyapatite (made up of calcium and phosphate)

38
Q

Ossification

A
  • Bone formation by osteoblasts
  • Begins in utero and continues until skeletal maturity
39
Q

Bone formation that begins on a collagen membrane that is formed during embryonic development

A

Intramembranous ossification

40
Q

Bone formation that begins at a primary ossification center in the middle of a hyaline cartilage template

A

Endochondral ossification

41
Q

Responsible for the formation of flat bones and clavicles and some irregular bones of the skull

A

Intramembranous ossification

42
Q

Responsible for the formation of the bones at the base of the skull and most of the skeleton

A

Endochondral ossification

43
Q

The name for the middle of the hyaline cartilage template where endochondral ossification begins

A

Primary ossification center

44
Q

Fat soluble vitamin necessary for calcium absorption from the intestines

A

Vitamin D

45
Q

Necessary for normal collagen formation and mineralization of matrix

A

Vitamin C

46
Q

Acts on epiphyseal plate to stimulate growth

A

Growth hormone

47
Q
  • Hormones active at puberty which stimulate bone growth
  • Same hormones later send signal to ossify growth plates and end growth
A

Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

48
Q
  • Bone disease in children caused by vitamin D deficiency
  • Reduced mineralization makes bones “bendy”
  • Can cause bowed legs and inflamed joints
A

Rickets

49
Q
  • Bone disease in adults involving softening of the bones due to calcium depletion
  • Can be transient (e.g. in pregnant women)
A

Osteomalacia

50
Q
  • Porous bone resulting from bone depletion
  • 2.5 x more common in women
  • Caused by drop off in estrogen
A

Osteoporosis

51
Q

A sex hormone which inhibits the stimulation of osteoclasts

A

Estrogen

52
Q

Causes of osteoporosis

A
  • Decrease in estrogen
  • Inadequate calcium and vitamin C
  • Inadequate absorption of calcium in the intestines
  • Inadequate weight-bearing exercise
53
Q

Hormone sometimes prescribed to postmenopausal women

A

Estrogen

54
Q

Bone inflammation caused by bacterial infection

A

Osteomyelitis

55
Q

Tiny cavities that osteocytes live in

A

Lacunae

56
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Growth of tissue by increasing the number of cells (i.e. by cell division)

BIO 131 Exam 2 (4 decks)

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