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BIO 131 Exam 2 > Muscular System and Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscular System and Muscle Tissue Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 functions of the muscular system

A
  • BODY MOVEMENT
  • STABILIZATION of body position
  • MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS through the body
  • TEMPERATURE regulation (generates ~85% of body heat)
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2
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
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3
Q

5 characteristics of all muscle cells

A
  • Excitability
  • Conductivity
  • Contractility
  • Extensibility
  • Elasticity
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4
Q

Ability to respond to stimuli

A

Excitability

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5
Q

Characteristic of muscle cell that allows a nerve impulse to be carried deep into the cell

A

Conductivity

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6
Q

Ability to shorten

A

Contractility

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7
Q

Ability to lengthen

A

Extensibility

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8
Q

Ability to return to its original shape

A

Elasticity

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9
Q

Contracts to move the bones

A

Skeletal muscle

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10
Q

Contracts voluntarily

A

Skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Type of muscle tissue that contracts to beat the heart and begin the movement of blood

A

Cardiac muscle

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12
Q

Name for the muscle of the heart wall

A

Myocardium

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13
Q

Rate of contraction is altered by neural and hormonal control

A

Cardiac muscle

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14
Q
  • Contracts to move food through the digestive system
  • Lines arteries to keep blood moving
A

Smooth muscle

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15
Q
  • Lines the walls of hollow organs
  • Responds to nerve impulses as well as hormones and stretch
A

Smooth muscle

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16
Q

Highly vascularized connective tissue “wrappers” that hold muscle together or divide it into sections

A

Fasciae

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17
Q

Name of fascia that covers entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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18
Q

Name of fascia that covers fascicles

A

Perimysium

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19
Q

Name of fascia that covers individual muscle fibers

A

Endomysium

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20
Q

Connects muscle to bone

A

Tendon

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21
Q

A broad flat tendon

A

Aponeurosis

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22
Q

Name for muscle cells

A

Muscle fibers

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23
Q

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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24
Q

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcoplasm

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25
Q

3 characteristics of sarcoplasm

A
  • Contains glycogen
  • Contains myoglobin
  • Contains MANY mitochondria
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26
Q

Polysaccharide made up of a long chain of glucose molecules

A

Glycogen

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27
Q

Molecule that holds oxygen in the sarcoplasm

A

Myoglobin

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28
Q

Organelle that converts glucose into ATP

A

Mitochondria

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29
Q

Transverse Tubule (T-Tubule)

A

Allows nerve impulses to be carried deep into a muscle cell

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30
Q

Chemical reaction which breaks down glycogen into glucose

A

Hydrolysis

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31
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum specialized for Calcium ion (Ca+2) storage and release

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

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32
Q

Made up of myofilaments arranged in sarcomeres

A

Myofibril

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33
Q

Many sarcomeres connected by Z-discs

A

Myofibril

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34
Q

Another name for thin myofilament

A

Actin myofilament

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35
Q

Another name for actin myofilament

A

Thin myofilament

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36
Q

Another name for thick myofilament

A

Myosin myofilament

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37
Q

Another name for myosin myofilament

A

Thick myofilament

38
Q

Made up of:

  • actin
  • troponin
  • and tropomyosin
A

Thin (actin) myofilament

39
Q

Another name for the myosin-binding site of an actin molecule

A

Active site

40
Q

Another name for the active site of an actin molecule

A

Myosin-binding site

41
Q

Molecule which covers the active sites on actin when a muscle is at rest

A

Tropomyosin

42
Q
  • Protein attached to tropomyosin
  • Has a “high affinity” for Ca ions (Ca+2)
A

Troponin

43
Q

Molecules whose names end in “-ASE”

A

Enzymes

44
Q

Composed of “golf club”-shaped myosin molecules

A

Myosin (thick) myofilaments

45
Q

Enzyme contained in the “golf club” head of a myosin molecule

A

ATPase

46
Q

Part of the myosin molecule that binds to an open actin active site during muscle contraction

A

Head

47
Q

Enzyme that releases energy stored in ATP

A

ATPase

48
Q
  • Connects adjacent sarcomeres
  • Thin myofilaments attach here
A

Z-disc

49
Q

Area of overlap between thick and thin myofilaments

A

A band (anisotropic band)

50
Q
  • Center of A band
  • Contains only thick myofilaments
A

H zone

51
Q

Band composed of only thin myofilaments

A

I band (isotropic band)

52
Q

Formed by the binding of a myosin head to an active site

A

Cross-Bridge

53
Q

Name for the movement of a thin filament past a thick filament

A

Power stroke

54
Q

Area where nerve and muscle are in close proximity

A

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

55
Q

Synapse between motor neuron and muscle

A

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

56
Q

Name for a nerve cell

A

Neuron

57
Q

The bulbous end of a neuron

A

Presynaptic terminal

58
Q
  • Membrane-bound bubbles in the presynaptic terminal
  • Contain ACh
A

Synaptic vesicles

59
Q

Neurotransmitter needed to begin muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

60
Q

Physical space between neuron and muscle cell

A

Synaptic cleft

61
Q
  • Enzyme that breaks down ACh
  • Found in the synaptic cleft
A

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

62
Q
  • Inability for muscle to relax
  • Side effect of death
A

Rigor mortis

63
Q

When rigor mortis begins

A

~3-4 hours after death

64
Q

When rigor mortis peaks

A

~12 hours after death

65
Q

When rigor mortis dissipates

A

~48-60 hours after death

66
Q

All or None Principle

A

If a nerve impulse is strong enough to cause a contraction then the muscle fibers contract maximally (all the way); otherwise they don’t contract at all

67
Q

Produced by the many mitochondria found in the sarcoplasm

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

68
Q

Ultimate goal of cellular respiration

A

To break down glucose COMPLETELY into: CO2, H20, and energy (ATP)

69
Q

C6H12O6

A

Glucose

70
Q

3 steps to completely breakdown glucose (cellular respiration)

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle)
  3. Electron Transport System (ETS)
71
Q

Aerobic conditions

A

“In the presence of oxygen”

72
Q
  • 1st step of cellular respiration
  • Takes place in the cytosol
  • Does NOT require oxygen
  • Chemically splits glucose in half to form 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
A

Glycolysis

73
Q

Amount of ATP released by one glycolysis reaction

A

2

74
Q

C3H6O3

A

Pyruvic acid

75
Q

Folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

Cristae

76
Q

Spaces between the folds of the cristae of a mitochondria

A

Matrix

77
Q
  • 2nd step of cellular respiration; Requires oxygen
  • Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria
  • Uses pyruvic acid to form 4 CO2 + 2 ATP + molecules needed for ETS
A

Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle)

78
Q

Products of the citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle)

A
  • 4 CO2
  • 2 ATP
  • molecules needed for Electron Transport System (ETS)
79
Q

Group of muscle cells wrapped up in perimysium

A

Fascicle

80
Q
  • 3rd step of cellular respiration
  • Requires oxygen
  • Reactions take place in the cristae of the mitochondria
  • Produces 34 ATP, 2 CO2, and 6 H2O
A

Electron Transport System (ETS)

81
Q
  • Builds up in muscles and causes cramps
  • Created out of pyruvic acid (under anaerobic conditions)
  • Can be converted into glucose by the liver
A

Lactic acid

82
Q

After exercise, extra oxygen is needed to break down lactic acid. This debt is “repaid” by heavy breathing.

A

Oxygen debt

83
Q
  • Inability of a muscle to maintain its strength of contraction
  • Caused by extensive muscle use
  • Related to insufficient oxygen, depletion of glycogen, and a build up of lactic acid which decreases the pH of cells
A

Muscle fatigue

84
Q
  • Muscle shortens and pulls on another structure (e.g. bone)
  • Produces movement
  • Tension is constant
  • Energy is used
A

Isotonic muscle contraction

85
Q
  • Minimal shortening of muscle
  • Tension increases greatly
  • No body movement
  • Energy is still used
A

Isometric muscle contraction

86
Q

A condition where individual muscle fibers decrease in size due to a loss of myofibrils

A

Muscular atrophy

87
Q

Muscular atrophy due to lack of use

A

Disuse atrophy

88
Q
  • Caused by nerve supply to a muscle being cut
  • Myofibrils become replaced by fibrous tissue
A

Denervation

89
Q
  • Increase in the SIZE of muscle fibers
  • Due to an increase in the number of myofibrils
A

Muscular hypertrophy

90
Q
  • Muscle cells lack striations
  • Contain thick, thin, and intermediate myofilaments which are NOT arranged in a regular pattern
A

Smooth muscle

91
Q

Stretched between the dense bodies in a smooth muscle cell

A

Intermediate myofilaments

92
Q

Products of aerobic cellular respiration

A
  • 38 ATP
  • 6 CO2
  • 6 H20

BIO 131 Exam 2 (4 decks)

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