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ANATOMY L2 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main structures of the skeleton?

A

Bone & Cartilage

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2
Q

Describe Bones

A

Calcified connective tissue.
206 in the body.
Connected by joints.

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3
Q

Describe cartilage

A

Withstands compression forces.

Dense, durable, fibrous connective tissue.

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4
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

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5
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A

Tissue that forms the temporary skeleton of the foetus.
It is replaced by bone when calcium is deposited.
Found at the end of the long bones that meet to form the synovial joints

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6
Q

Describe elastic cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline but contains more elastic fibres than collagen.
Ability to realign and return to its original shape.
Found in the ear and the walls of the Eustachian tube and the epiglottis

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7
Q

Describe fibrocartilage

A

Acts as a shock absorber.
Thicker and stronger than the other types.
Limited distribution within the body.

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8
Q

What bones are found in the axial?

A

Spine, ribs & skull

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9
Q

What bones are found in the appendicular Skeleton?

A

Upper & lower limbs.

Shoulder & pelvic girdle

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10
Q

Describe long bones

A

Greater In length than width

Act as levers

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11
Q

What is diaphysis?

A

The main shaft of the long bone.

Contains compact bone

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12
Q

What is epiphysis?

A

The ends of the long bone.

Contains cancellous bone

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13
Q

What are examples of a long bone?

A 
Femur
Humorous 
Fibula 
Tibia 
Ulna
Radius 
Metacarpals 
Metatarsals 
Phalanges
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14
Q

Describe short bones

A

As long as they are wide.
High cancellous bone.
Gives strength with reduced weight.

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15
Q

What are the examples of a short bone?

A

Carpels

Tarsals

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16
Q

Describe flat bones

A

Provides protection & large areas for muscle attachment

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17
Q

What are examples of flat bones

A 
Sternum 
Ilium 
Sternum 
Ribs
Cranial
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18
Q

Describe irregular bones

A

Form complex shapes

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19
Q

Examples of irregular bone

A 
Vertebrae 
Heel bone (calcaneaus)
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20
Q

Describe sesamoid bone

A

Improves leverage

Protects the joint from damage

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21
Q

Example of sesamoid bone

A

Patella

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22
Q

What are epiphyseal plates

A

Growth plates located between the diaphysis and epiphysis of the long bone

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23
Q

What is perosteum

A

Tough fibrous sheath covering the long bone

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24
Q

Describe compact bone

A

Solid and strong to help the bone withstand weight bearing stress
Found in the diaphysis

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25
Q

Describe cancellous bone

A

Spongy bone tissue that contains red marrow

Found in the epiphysis

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26
Q

What is medullary cavity

A

Hollow tube that runs down the centre of the diaphysis

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27
Q

What is yellow Marrow

A

Functions for the storage of fat

Found in the medullary cavity

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28
Q

What is red marrow

A

Functions in the production of blood cells

Found in the cancellous bone tissue

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29
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system

A 
Shape
Protection 
Production 
Attachment 
Movement 
Storage
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30
Q

Where are the blood cells produced

A

From bone marrow

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31
Q

What are the three joints of the skeletal system

A

Fibrous
Synovial
Cartilaginous

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32
Q

Describe fibrous joints

A

Fixed/immoveable

Cranium

33
Q

Describe cartilaginous joint

A

Slightly moveable

Vertabrea

34
Q

Describe synovial joint

A

Freely moveable

Ankle
Knee
Hip
Elbow
Shoulder
Neck
Wrist
35
Q

What connects bone to bone

A

Ligaments

36
Q

What connects muscle to bone

A

Tendons

37
Q

What does the synovial membrane do

A

Stores and secreats synovial fluid

38
Q

What does the joint capsule do

A

Holds all the properties of the synovial joint in place

39
Q

What is required for injury healing

A

Blood supply

40
Q

What heals fairly easily

A

Bone and muscle tissue

41
Q

What doesn’t heal easily

A

Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage

42
Q

What are the actions for a ball and socket joint

A 
Flexsion
Extension
Horizontal flexsion and extension
Medial and lateral rotation
Circumduction
Addiction and abduction
43
Q

Where do you find a ball and socket joint

A

Shoulder and hip joint

44
Q

What action does a hinge joint allow

A

Flexsion and extension

45
Q

Where do you find a hinge joint

A

Knee and elbow joint

46
Q

What action does a pivot joint allow

A

Rotation

47
Q

Where is the pivot joint found

A

In the neck.
C1 & C2
Radius and ulna

48
Q

What action does the saddle joint allow

A

Addiction and abduction

Flexsion and extension

49
Q

Where do you find the saddle joint

A

Thumb (carpometacarple)

50
Q

What action does the gliding joint allow

A

Elevation and depression

51
Q

Where do you find a girdle joint

A

Shoulder girdle

52
Q

Where do you find the ellipsoid/condyloid joint

A

Knuckles (metacarpopglabgeal)

53
Q

What action does the ellipsoid/condlyoid allow

A 
Flexsion
Extension
Addiction
Abduction 
Circumduction
54
Q

List the vertabrea names in the spine and the number

A 
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5 
Coccyx - 4
55
Q

How many natural curves does an adult spine have

A

4

X2 convex
X2 concave

56
Q

Describe hyperlordosis

A

Hollow back appearance

The ab muscles are lengthened and the back muscles are shortened

57
Q

Describe hyperkyphosis

A

Hunched back appearance
The chest muscles are shortened
The mid back muscles are lengthened

58
Q

Describe scoliosis

A

Lateral curvature of the spine

59
Q

What is the correct degree normal thoracic and lumbar curves should be

A

20-45 degrees

10 degrees over is scoliosis

60
Q

What causes postural abnormaties

A

Poor posture
Exercise or sport in balance
Age restricted conditions
Medical conditions

61
Q

What is ossification

A

Process in which bone is formed from the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

62
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

Tissue that deposits calcium to help form new bone

63
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

cells that eat away at old bone

64
Q

What are osteocytes

A

Old osteoblasts after their role has finished

65
Q

What affects bone formation

A

Nutrition : need calcium and minerals

Sunlight : vitamin D is needed

Hormonal secreations:

Growth hormone in the pituitary gland is needed for kids and teenagers

Testosterone and oestrogen is needed for adults

66
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise

A

Increased secreation of synovial fluid

Increase blood flow and nutrients to bones and joints

Muscles pull on the bones to increase ROM

67
Q

Long term benefits of exercise

A

Increased bone density and strength

Increased joint stability

Improved posture

Improved cartilage health

Increased ROM

Reduce fracture/osteoporosis risk

68
Q

Long term benefits of exercise

A

Increased bone density and strength

Increased joint stability

Improved posture

Improved cartilage health

Increased ROM

Reduce fracture/osteoporosis risk

69
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise

A

Increased secreation of synovial fluid

Increase blood flow and nutrients to bones and joints

Muscles pull on the bones to increase ROM

70
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise

A

Increased secreation of synovial fluid

Increase blood flow and nutrients to bones and joints

Muscles pull on the bones to increase ROM

71
Q

Long term benefits of exercise

A

Increased bone density and strength

Increased joint stability

Improved posture

Improved cartilage health

Increased ROM

Reduce fracture/osteoporosis risk

72
Q

Describe foetal bone growth

A

Most of the skeleton made up of cartilage

Osteoblasts and clasts slowly replace the cartilage and ossification begins

73
Q

Describe birth-adulthood bone growth

A

The epiphyseal plates cause bone lengthening and growth

The plates expand causing the diaphysis to expand

74
Q

When is ossification complete

A

18-30

75
Q

Describe bone growth in adulthood - later life

A

The calcium is lost as the skeleton ages

Happens earlier in women

Loss of calcium can lead to osteoporosis and can increase the risk of fractures

76
Q

Describe foetal bone growth

A

Most of the skeleton made up of cartilage

Osteoblasts and clasts slowly replace the cartilage and ossification begins

77
Q

Describe birth-adulthood bone growth

A

The epiphyseal plates cause bone lengthening and growth

The plates expand causing the diaphysis to expand

78
Q

When is ossification complete

A

18-30

79
Q

Describe bone growth in adulthood - later life

A

The calcium is lost as the skeleton ages

Happens earlier in women

Loss of calcium can lead to osteoporosis and can increase the risk of fractures

ANATOMY L2 (7 decks)

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