Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the two main structures of the skeleton?
Bone & Cartilage
Describe Bones
Calcified connective tissue.
206 in the body.
Connected by joints.
Describe cartilage
Withstands compression forces.
Dense, durable, fibrous connective tissue.
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Describe hyaline cartilage
Tissue that forms the temporary skeleton of the foetus.
It is replaced by bone when calcium is deposited.
Found at the end of the long bones that meet to form the synovial joints
Describe elastic cartilage
Similar to hyaline but contains more elastic fibres than collagen.
Ability to realign and return to its original shape.
Found in the ear and the walls of the Eustachian tube and the epiglottis
Describe fibrocartilage
Acts as a shock absorber.
Thicker and stronger than the other types.
Limited distribution within the body.
What bones are found in the axial?
Spine, ribs & skull
What bones are found in the appendicular Skeleton?
Upper & lower limbs.
Shoulder & pelvic girdle
Describe long bones
Greater In length than width
Act as levers
What is diaphysis?
The main shaft of the long bone.
Contains compact bone
What is epiphysis?
The ends of the long bone.
Contains cancellous bone
What are examples of a long bone?
Femur Humorous Fibula Tibia Ulna Radius Metacarpals Metatarsals Phalanges
Describe short bones
As long as they are wide.
High cancellous bone.
Gives strength with reduced weight.
What are the examples of a short bone?
Carpels
Tarsals
Describe flat bones
Provides protection & large areas for muscle attachment
What are examples of flat bones
Sternum Ilium Sternum Ribs Cranial
Describe irregular bones
Form complex shapes
Examples of irregular bone
Vertebrae Heel bone (calcaneaus)
Describe sesamoid bone
Improves leverage
Protects the joint from damage
Example of sesamoid bone
Patella
What are epiphyseal plates
Growth plates located between the diaphysis and epiphysis of the long bone
What is perosteum
Tough fibrous sheath covering the long bone
Describe compact bone
Solid and strong to help the bone withstand weight bearing stress
Found in the diaphysis
Describe cancellous bone
Spongy bone tissue that contains red marrow
Found in the epiphysis
What is medullary cavity
Hollow tube that runs down the centre of the diaphysis
What is yellow Marrow
Functions for the storage of fat
Found in the medullary cavity
What is red marrow
Functions in the production of blood cells
Found in the cancellous bone tissue
What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system
Shape Protection Production Attachment Movement Storage
Where are the blood cells produced
From bone marrow
What are the three joints of the skeletal system
Fibrous
Synovial
Cartilaginous
Describe fibrous joints
Fixed/immoveable
Cranium
Describe cartilaginous joint
Slightly moveable
Vertabrea
Describe synovial joint
Freely moveable
Ankle Knee Hip Elbow Shoulder Neck Wrist
What connects bone to bone
Ligaments
What connects muscle to bone
Tendons
What does the synovial membrane do
Stores and secreats synovial fluid
What does the joint capsule do
Holds all the properties of the synovial joint in place
What is required for injury healing
Blood supply
What heals fairly easily
Bone and muscle tissue
What doesn’t heal easily
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage
What are the actions for a ball and socket joint
Flexsion Extension Horizontal flexsion and extension Medial and lateral rotation Circumduction Addiction and abduction
Where do you find a ball and socket joint
Shoulder and hip joint
What action does a hinge joint allow
Flexsion and extension
Where do you find a hinge joint
Knee and elbow joint
What action does a pivot joint allow
Rotation
Where is the pivot joint found
In the neck.
C1 & C2
Radius and ulna
What action does the saddle joint allow
Addiction and abduction
Flexsion and extension
Where do you find the saddle joint
Thumb (carpometacarple)
What action does the gliding joint allow
Elevation and depression
Where do you find a girdle joint
Shoulder girdle
Where do you find the ellipsoid/condyloid joint
Knuckles (metacarpopglabgeal)
What action does the ellipsoid/condlyoid allow
Flexsion Extension Addiction Abduction Circumduction
List the vertabrea names in the spine and the number
Cervical - 7 Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacral - 5 Coccyx - 4
How many natural curves does an adult spine have
4
X2 convex
X2 concave
Describe hyperlordosis
Hollow back appearance
The ab muscles are lengthened and the back muscles are shortened
Describe hyperkyphosis
Hunched back appearance
The chest muscles are shortened
The mid back muscles are lengthened
Describe scoliosis
Lateral curvature of the spine
What is the correct degree normal thoracic and lumbar curves should be
20-45 degrees
10 degrees over is scoliosis
What causes postural abnormaties
Poor posture
Exercise or sport in balance
Age restricted conditions
Medical conditions
What is ossification
Process in which bone is formed from the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
What are osteoblasts
Tissue that deposits calcium to help form new bone
What are osteoclasts
cells that eat away at old bone
What are osteocytes
Old osteoblasts after their role has finished
What affects bone formation
Nutrition : need calcium and minerals
Sunlight : vitamin D is needed
Hormonal secreations:
Growth hormone in the pituitary gland is needed for kids and teenagers
Testosterone and oestrogen is needed for adults
What are the short term effects of exercise
Increased secreation of synovial fluid
Increase blood flow and nutrients to bones and joints
Muscles pull on the bones to increase ROM
Long term benefits of exercise
Increased bone density and strength
Increased joint stability
Improved posture
Improved cartilage health
Increased ROM
Reduce fracture/osteoporosis risk
Long term benefits of exercise
Increased bone density and strength
Increased joint stability
Improved posture
Improved cartilage health
Increased ROM
Reduce fracture/osteoporosis risk
What are the short term effects of exercise
Increased secreation of synovial fluid
Increase blood flow and nutrients to bones and joints
Muscles pull on the bones to increase ROM
What are the short term effects of exercise
Increased secreation of synovial fluid
Increase blood flow and nutrients to bones and joints
Muscles pull on the bones to increase ROM
Long term benefits of exercise
Increased bone density and strength
Increased joint stability
Improved posture
Improved cartilage health
Increased ROM
Reduce fracture/osteoporosis risk
Describe foetal bone growth
Most of the skeleton made up of cartilage
Osteoblasts and clasts slowly replace the cartilage and ossification begins
Describe birth-adulthood bone growth
The epiphyseal plates cause bone lengthening and growth
The plates expand causing the diaphysis to expand
When is ossification complete
18-30
Describe bone growth in adulthood - later life
The calcium is lost as the skeleton ages
Happens earlier in women
Loss of calcium can lead to osteoporosis and can increase the risk of fractures
Describe foetal bone growth
Most of the skeleton made up of cartilage
Osteoblasts and clasts slowly replace the cartilage and ossification begins
Describe birth-adulthood bone growth
The epiphyseal plates cause bone lengthening and growth
The plates expand causing the diaphysis to expand
When is ossification complete
18-30
Describe bone growth in adulthood - later life
The calcium is lost as the skeleton ages
Happens earlier in women
Loss of calcium can lead to osteoporosis and can increase the risk of fractures
