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ANATOMY L2 > Neuromuscular System > Flashcards

Neuromuscular System Flashcards

1
Q

How many muscles are there in the body?

What percentage of weight do they make up?

A

600

40%

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2
Q

What does the SAN (sinoatrial node) control?

A

Contraction of the heart

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3
Q

What is the set rhythm of the heart and what is it called?

A

72bpm

Autorhythmicity

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4
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A 
Cardiac muscle (heart)
Smooth muscle (walls of the small intenstine)
Skeletal muscle (hamstrings or triceps)
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5
Q

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary

A

Involuntary

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6
Q

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary

A

Involuntary

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7
Q

Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary

A

Voluntary

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8
Q

What is the appearance of the cardiac muscle

A

Striated

Striped or streaked

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9
Q

What is the appearance of the smooth muscle

A

Smooth, spindle shaped

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10
Q

What is the appearance of skeletal muscle

A

Striated

Striped or streaked

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11
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle

A

Continuous beating to push oxygen around the body

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12
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle

A

To break down in digested good and drink

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13
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle

A

Create bodily movement

Or to prevent unwanted movement

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14
Q

What are the four key characteristics of muscle tissue

A

Contactility: ability to shorten

Extensibility: ability to stretch and lengthen

Elasticity: ability to return to its original size and shape

Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli from the nervous system

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15
Q

What is perimysium

A

Connective tissue that wraps bundles of fibres

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16
Q

What is endomysium

A

Connective tissue that wraps single muscle fibres

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17
Q

What are myofilaments

A

Myosin and actin which are located inside sacromeres

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18
Q

What is epimysium

A

Connective tissue that wraps the whole muscle

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19
Q

What is the sliding filament theory

A

The myofilaments (actin & myosin) slide over each other, creating a shortening of the sarcomere which causes shortening or lengthening of the entire muscle

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20
Q

What are the structural features of slow twitch fibres TYPE 1

A 
Small diameter 
Large myoglobin content 
Many mitochondria
Many capillaries to deliver blood and oxygen
Red in colour
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21
Q

What are the structural features of fast twitch fibres TYPE 2

A 
Larger diameter 
Smaller myoglobin content 
Fewer mitochondria 
Fewer capillaries 
White in colour
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22
Q

What are the functional features of slow twitch fibres

A 
Increased oxygen delivery 
Produce less force 
Long term contractions 
Resistant to fatigue 
Aerobic
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23
Q

What are the functions of fast twitch fibres

A 
Decreased oxygen delivery
Generate more force 
Short term contraction 
Less resistant to fatigue 
Anaerobic
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24
Q

What are the activities of slow twitch muscle fibres

A

Lower intensity aerobic exercises
Endurance based
Maintaining posture & stabilisation

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25
Q

What are the activities for fast twitch fibres

A

Rapid, intense movements
Strength training
Sprinting
Anaerobic training

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26
Q

What exercise will increase the size of fast twitch fibres

A

Intense exercise that brings about anaerobic metabolism

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27
Q

What exercise will develop the aerobic capacity of slow twitch fibres

A

Moderate intensity, aerobic endurance

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28
Q

What are intermediate fibres

A

Adapt depending on the type of training or exercise.

Cardio training - slow twitch
Resistance training - fast twitch

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29
Q

How do skeletal muscles create movement

A

Muscles receive a message from the brain to shorten

Muscles exert a force and pull on the bones

As one muscles contacts and shortens, the other relaxes and lengthens

30
Q

What is the origin of the muscle

A

The fixed anchor point

The one nearest to the centre midline of the body

31
Q

What is the insertion of the muscle

A

The one furthest away from the centre midline of the body

The end of the muscle attached to the bone

32
Q

What is isotonic contraction

A

Muscles moving under tension by shortening or lengthening

33
Q

What is concentric contraction

A

The muscle shortens under tension.

The curling upward phase of a bicep curl

34
Q

What is eccentric contraction

A

The muscle lengthens under tension

The straightening downward phase of a bicep curl

35
Q

What is isometric contraction

A

The muscle remaining the same length under tension

Holding a squat at the bottom of the movement

36
Q

What is the agonist

A

The prime mover.

E.G : the biceps contacting during a bicep curl

37
Q

What is an antagonist

A

The opposing muscle to the prime mover.

Triceps during a bicep curl

38
Q

What is the synergist

A

Assists the prime mover.

The hamstrings assist the Glutes in a hip extension

39
Q

What is a fixator

A

The muscle that contracts to stabilise the body

40
Q

What is the nervous systems primary role?

A

Maintaining a constant balance of the internal environment (homeostasis)

41
Q

What are three functions of the nervous system

A

Sensation
Integration
Response

42
Q

Describe the role of sensation of the nervous system

A

Gathers information about the internal and external environment

43
Q

What is the role of integration of the nervous system

A

Interperates and analyses the information gathered and decides on the appropriate action

Some voluntary and some involuntary

44
Q

What is the role of response of the nervous system

A

Responds to the information analyses by initiating the appropriate action

45
Q

What system does the nervous system work closely with?

A

The endocrine system

Responsible for releasing hormones to maintain homeostasis

46
Q

What are the two primary divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS

PNS

47
Q

What is the CNS comprised of?

A

The brain and the spinal chord

48
Q

Describe the CNS

A

Control base for the whole nervous system

All nerve impulses that stimulate muscles to contract and create movement originate from the CNS

49
Q

What is the cerebrum of the brain?

A

The largest and most superior

Takes up most space of the skull

50
Q

What is the cerebellum of the brain?

A

The smaller part

Inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the brain stem.

Acts as a memory bank for all learnt skills.

Controlling the group action of muscles

Communicates and works with the cerebrum

51
Q

What is the diencephalon of the brain?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

52
Q

What is the brain stem of the brain?

A

Medulla oblongata, midbrain and pons/ the stalk like Component at the inferior aspect of the brain.

Lower portion is a continuation of the spinal chord

53
Q

What does the spinal chord do?

A

Communication link between the brain and the PNS.

Analyses information and produces responses via reflex arc

54
Q

What is the PNS system?

A

Consists of all the branches of nerves that lie outside the spinal chord.

Role is to transport messages through its nerve cells, to and from the CNS

55
Q

What are neurons responsible for

A

Transmitting electrical messages

56
Q

What are spinal nerves divided in to?

A

Sensory neurons

Motor neurons

57
Q

What are sensory neurons

A

Carry messages to the CNS from the sensory organs

58
Q

What are motor neurons

A

Transmit impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands with instructions

Anterior side of the spinal chord

59
Q

What does a neuron consist of

A

Cell body: directs the activities of the neuron

Nucleus: stores the cells genetic info
( tells the cell what to do )

Axon: transmits messages away from the cell body

Myelin sheath: insulates the axon to speed up the transport of messages

60
Q

What is the all or none law

A

When an impulse is sent down a neuron, all the muscle fibres are innervated.

The motor unit activates all of fibres or none at all.

Applies to individual motor units, not the entire muscle.

61
Q

What is the ratio of motor units for muscles responsible for strength and largest force generation

A

1:2000

62
Q

What is the ratio of motor units for muscles involved in finer movements?

A

1:50

63
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise on the neuromuscular system

A

Increased muscle temperature

Increased ability to stretch further

Increased power output

Increased nerve to muscle link

Increased recruitment of muscle fibres

64
Q

What are the long term benefits of exercise on the neuromuscular system?

A

Increased muscle endurance/hypertrophy/strength

Increased stores of glycogen and creating phosphate in muscle

Increased nasal metablolic rate

Improved posture

65
Q

What are the muscle sense organs that form part of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Joint receptors: inform the brain about the position of the joint

Muscle spindles: inform the brain about the length of a surrounding muscle fibre - prevents over stretching

Golgi tendon organs: tell the brain how much tension a muscle is under

66
Q

What are the two main factors that influence the rate of the neuromuscular development in early years?

A

Genetics: genetic potential for maximum growth determined by genes

Environment: opportunities to support neuromuscular development or restrictions that could hinder it, affect the potential for development in early years

67
Q

What percentage of muscle increases in boys 5-11

A

42-54%

68
Q

What Percentage of muscle increase in girls 5-13

A

40-45%

69
Q

Describe the lifecycle of the neuromuscular system in teenagers

A

The growth of new neural pathways slows down but muscle tissue increases more in boys than girls

70
Q

When does our neuromuscular growth stop

A

Age 25

ANATOMY L2 (7 decks)

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