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ANATOMY L2 > Cardiovascular & Respiratory System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular & Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system comprised of and what is it responsible for?

A

Heart, blood vessels and blood

Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues, and removing waste products such as carbon dioxide

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2
Q

Where is the heart positioned and how big is it?

A

Behind the sternum, left of the centre. Positioned between the right and left lungs

Size of a mans clenched fist

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3
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

Muscular pump that pushes oxygen and nutrients around the body to the tissues

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4
Q

What is the name for the thick muscular walls the heart is made up of?

A

Myocardium

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5
Q

What does the right half of the heart do?

A

Received blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs

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6
Q

What does the left half of the heart do?

A

Receives blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body

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7
Q

How many heart chambers are there and what are the names?

A

Four heart chambers.

Two upper chambers - atria

Two lower chambers- ventricles

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8
Q

What do the atria heart chambers do?

A

Receive bloody from the veins and pump it down into the ventricles.

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9
Q

Are atria or ventricles smaller?

A

Atria are smaller and do not require high levels of pressure to do their job

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10
Q

What do the ventricles do?

A

Pump blood to the arteries

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11
Q

Which ventricle has larger muscular walls?

A

The left because..

It pumps its contents to the furthest parts of the body, where as the right only has to pump blood to the adjacent lungs.

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12
Q

What does the AV (atrioventricular) do?

A

Separates the atria and ventricles and prevent the flow of blood back into the atria during ventricular contraction

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13
Q

What does the semilunar valve do?

A

Prevent the flow of blood back into the right pulmonary valve and left ventricles (aortic valve) during ventricular relaxation

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14
Q

What is the hearts pace maker and what does it do?

A

SAN (sinoatrial node)

Initiates cardiac muscle contraction

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15
Q

Where is the SAN (hearts pacemaker) located?

A

In the wall of the right atrium

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16
Q

The myocardium (heart muscle) is stimulated to contract how many beats per minute?

What nervous system is this a part of?

A

72bpm

Autonomic

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17
Q

What is the optimal blood pressure reading?

A

120/80mmHg

Systolic and diastolic

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18
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

The pressure exerted on the artery walls when the cardiac muscle is contracting and pumping blood

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19
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

Pressure exerted on the artery walls when the heart is relaxed.

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20
Q

What is a low blood pressure reading

A

<100/<60

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21
Q

What is a normal blood pressure reading?

A

<130/<85

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22
Q

What is a high normal - pre hypertension reading?

A

130-139/85-89

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23
Q

What is a stage 1 hypertension reading?

A

140-159/90-99

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24
Q

What is a stage 2 hypertension reading?

A

160-179/100-109

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25
Q

What is a stage 3 hypertension reading?

A

> 180/>110

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26
Q

What is it called when the blood vessels narrow ?

A

Vasoconstrict

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27
Q

What is it called when the blood vessels widen?

A

Vasodilate

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28
Q

Why can the blood vessels narrow and widen? And what can it allow them to do?

A

Because of the smooth muscle found in their walls.

Allows them to allow more or less blood through, enables them to direct the flow of blood to different tissues depending on where the oxygen and nutrients are required

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29
Q

What is the equation for blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

Expression of the arterial blood flow and the peripheral resistance the blood encounters

30
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood pumped out by the heart in one minute.

The greater the cardiac output, the higher the blood pressure

31
Q

What is total peripheral resistance?

A

The resistance blood vessels offer to blood flow.

The greater the resistance, the higher the blood pressure.

32
Q

What is blood circulation?

A

Closed system in which the pressure varies constantly.

Rises to a peak at the height of the contraction of each heartbeat as the heart pumps blood out.

It then falls to a lower level which it reaches before each heartbeat

33
Q

What are the two occasions that blood passes through the heart?

A

Pulmonary circulation

System circulation

34
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Circulation between the heart and lungs.

35
Q

What are the pulmonary heart chambers?

A

Left atrium and right ventricle

36
Q

What are the pulmonary blood vessels?

A

The pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein

37
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Circulation between the heart and the body

38
Q

What are the systemic heart chambers?

A

The right atrium and left ventricle

39
Q

What are the systemic heart chambers?

A

Aorta and the inferior and superior vena cava

40
Q

What does the inferior vena cava do?

A

Carries blood from the lower body

41
Q

What does the superior vena cava do?

A

Carries blood from the upper body

42
Q

What is the structure of arteries

A

Thick muscular walls

Subdivide into smaller blood vessels called arterioles

43
Q

What is the largest artery

A

Aorta

Leaves the left ventricle carrying blood under the highest pressure

44
Q

What is the function of the arteries

A

Carries blood under high pressure away from the heart

All oxygenated blood except the pulmonary artery

45
Q

What is the structure of the veins ?

A

Thinner walls than arteries with little muscle

Subdivide into smaller blood vessels called Venules

Contain one way valves to prevent blood from flowing in the wrong direction

46
Q

What is the function of veins

A

Carry blood towards the heart under low to moderate pressure

All carry deoxygenated blood except the pulmonary vein

47
Q

What is the structure of capillaries

A

Extremely thin walls ( one cell thick )

Link arteries to veins

Higher in number than arteries than veins

48
Q

What is the function of capillaries

A

allow for diffusion of gases and nutrients throughout the body, including muscle tissues

49
Q

Describe red blood cells

A

Contains haemoglobin which binds to oxygen in other to carry it around the body

Gives blood it’s colour

50
Q

What are white blood cells

A

Part of the immune system and fights infection

Destroys bacteria and other harmful things

51
Q

What is platelets?

A

Assists in preventing blood loss from a damaged vessel by forming a plug

Release chemicals that help to promote blood clotting, which is the initial stage of repair to damaged tissues

52
Q

What is plasma

A

The straw coloured liquid portion of the blood

Consists of 91.5% water, and solutes 8.5% such as proteins, electrolytes nutrients, gasses, hormones, enzymes, vitamins and waste products

53
Q

What is the respiratory system responsible for?

A

The intake of oxygen from the air into the body, and the removal of carbon dioxide from the body into the air.

54
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of

A

Lungs, diaphragm and intercostal muscles

55
Q

What is the primary function of the lungs?

A

Gaseous exchange

Recovering vital oxygen and passing it through to the circularity system while ensuring potential harmful waste products such as carbon dioxide go in the opposite direction

56
Q

What are the lungs protected by?

A

The ribs

57
Q

What are the two main mechanisms that trigger the human body to breathe

A

Rising levels of carbon dioxide in the blood

Stretch receptors in the respiratory muscles (intercostal muscles) becoming stretched

58
Q

What are the main phases of the breathing cycle?

A

Inspiration/inhalation - drawing air into the lungs

Exhalation/expiration - expelling air from the lungs

59
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

The diaphragm muscle contracts causing the dome shape to flatten.

The external intercostal muscles contract raising the rib cage which increases the chest cavity volume.

This creates a negative pressure between the air in the lungs and air in the atmosphere until the pressures are balanced

60
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

The diaphragm muscle relaxes and rises, returning upwards to its dome shape.

The intercostal muscles also relax, decreasing the chest cavity volume which creates a positive pressure which pushes some of the air out of the lungs.

61
Q

Where does gaseous exchange occur?

A

In the lungs and the cells of the body

62
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Air sacs in the lungs

63
Q

What happens during gasceous exchange?

A

Oxygen in the alveaoli diffuses into the blood stream and travels to the heart where it is circulated around the body

Carbon dioxide is transported from the body via the blood. It diffuses into the alveoli where is it removed during expiration

Oxygen in the blood diffuses into the cells for aerobic energy production

Carbon dioxide from the cells diffuse into the blood where it is circulated back into the heart and then into the lungs for removal during expiration

64
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of gas from an area of high concerntration to an area of low concerntration.

65
Q

Where does the concerntration of oxygen decrease ?

A

Between the mouth and lungs, therefore gas flows in this direction. Carbon dioxide flows in the opposite direction

66
Q

What is HB (harmogblobin)

A

Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in the blood

67
Q

How does the cardiovascular and respiratory system work together

A

The oxygen binds to the hb in the red blood cells, and at the same time carbon dioxide dissociates from the hb and diffuses from the blood into the alveoli in the lungs to be removed from the body

68
Q

What are the red blood cells transported through?

A

The circulatory system

69
Q

What is the breathing rate of a bay and an adult

A

Baby- 30-60 breaths per min

Adult - 12-20 breaths per min

70
Q

At birth, what percentage of a persons total quota of alveoli has formed?

A

15%

71
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise

A 
Increased heart rate 
Increased breathing 
Increase in systolic blood pressure
Increased vasodilation 
Increased stroke volume 
Increased cardiac output 
Increased volume of air in the lungs
72
Q

What are the long term benefits of exercise

A 
Decreased resting and working heart rate 
Increased aerobic capacity 
Normalised blood pressure 
Increased hypertrophy
Increased size of the arteries 
Increased capillary network 
Increased strength of the respiratory muscles
Reduced levels of bad cholesterol

ANATOMY L2 (7 decks)

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