Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ANATOMY L2 > Cardiovascular & Respiratory System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular & Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system comprised of and what is it responsible for?

A

Heart, blood vessels and blood

Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues, and removing waste products such as carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is the heart positioned and how big is it?

A

Behind the sternum, left of the centre. Positioned between the right and left lungs

Size of a mans clenched fist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

Muscular pump that pushes oxygen and nutrients around the body to the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the name for the thick muscular walls the heart is made up of?

A

Myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the right half of the heart do?

A

Received blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the left half of the heart do?

A

Receives blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many heart chambers are there and what are the names?

A

Four heart chambers.

Two upper chambers - atria

Two lower chambers- ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do the atria heart chambers do?

A

Receive bloody from the veins and pump it down into the ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Are atria or ventricles smaller?

A

Atria are smaller and do not require high levels of pressure to do their job

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do the ventricles do?

A

Pump blood to the arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which ventricle has larger muscular walls?

A

The left because..

It pumps its contents to the furthest parts of the body, where as the right only has to pump blood to the adjacent lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the AV (atrioventricular) do?

A

Separates the atria and ventricles and prevent the flow of blood back into the atria during ventricular contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the semilunar valve do?

A

Prevent the flow of blood back into the right pulmonary valve and left ventricles (aortic valve) during ventricular relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the hearts pace maker and what does it do?

A

SAN (sinoatrial node)

Initiates cardiac muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is the SAN (hearts pacemaker) located?

A

In the wall of the right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The myocardium (heart muscle) is stimulated to contract how many beats per minute?

What nervous system is this a part of?

A

72bpm

Autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the optimal blood pressure reading?

A

120/80mmHg

Systolic and diastolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

The pressure exerted on the artery walls when the cardiac muscle is contracting and pumping blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

Pressure exerted on the artery walls when the heart is relaxed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a low blood pressure reading

A

<100/<60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a normal blood pressure reading?

A

<130/<85

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a high normal - pre hypertension reading?

A

130-139/85-89

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a stage 1 hypertension reading?

A

140-159/90-99

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a stage 2 hypertension reading?

A

160-179/100-109

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is a stage 3 hypertension reading?
>180/>110
26
What is it called when the blood vessels narrow ?
Vasoconstrict
27
What is it called when the blood vessels widen?
Vasodilate
28
Why can the blood vessels narrow and widen? And what can it allow them to do?
Because of the smooth muscle found in their walls. Allows them to allow more or less blood through, enables them to direct the flow of blood to different tissues depending on where the oxygen and nutrients are required
29
What is the equation for blood pressure?
Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance Expression of the arterial blood flow and the peripheral resistance the blood encounters
30
What is cardiac output?
Volume of blood pumped out by the heart in one minute. The greater the cardiac output, the higher the blood pressure
31
What is total peripheral resistance?
The resistance blood vessels offer to blood flow. The greater the resistance, the higher the blood pressure.
32
What is blood circulation?
Closed system in which the pressure varies constantly. Rises to a peak at the height of the contraction of each heartbeat as the heart pumps blood out. It then falls to a lower level which it reaches before each heartbeat
33
What are the two occasions that blood passes through the heart?
Pulmonary circulation System circulation
34
What is pulmonary circulation?
Circulation between the heart and lungs.
35
What are the pulmonary heart chambers?
Left atrium and right ventricle
36
What are the pulmonary blood vessels?
The pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
37
What is systemic circulation?
Circulation between the heart and the body
38
What are the systemic heart chambers?
The right atrium and left ventricle
39
What are the systemic heart chambers?
Aorta and the inferior and superior vena cava
40
What does the inferior vena cava do?
Carries blood from the lower body
41
What does the superior vena cava do?
Carries blood from the upper body
42
What is the structure of arteries
Thick muscular walls Subdivide into smaller blood vessels called arterioles
43
What is the largest artery
Aorta Leaves the left ventricle carrying blood under the highest pressure
44
What is the function of the arteries
Carries blood under high pressure away from the heart All oxygenated blood except the pulmonary artery
45
What is the structure of the veins ?
Thinner walls than arteries with little muscle Subdivide into smaller blood vessels called Venules Contain one way valves to prevent blood from flowing in the wrong direction
46
What is the function of veins
Carry blood towards the heart under low to moderate pressure All carry deoxygenated blood except the pulmonary vein
47
What is the structure of capillaries
Extremely thin walls ( one cell thick ) Link arteries to veins Higher in number than arteries than veins
48
What is the function of capillaries
allow for diffusion of gases and nutrients throughout the body, including muscle tissues
49
Describe red blood cells
Contains haemoglobin which binds to oxygen in other to carry it around the body Gives blood it's colour
50
What are white blood cells
Part of the immune system and fights infection Destroys bacteria and other harmful things
51
What is platelets?
Assists in preventing blood loss from a damaged vessel by forming a plug Release chemicals that help to promote blood clotting, which is the initial stage of repair to damaged tissues
52
What is plasma
The straw coloured liquid portion of the blood Consists of 91.5% water, and solutes 8.5% such as proteins, electrolytes nutrients, gasses, hormones, enzymes, vitamins and waste products
53
What is the respiratory system responsible for?
The intake of oxygen from the air into the body, and the removal of carbon dioxide from the body into the air.
54
What does the respiratory system consist of
Lungs, diaphragm and intercostal muscles
55
What is the primary function of the lungs?
Gaseous exchange Recovering vital oxygen and passing it through to the circularity system while ensuring potential harmful waste products such as carbon dioxide go in the opposite direction
56
What are the lungs protected by?
The ribs
57
What are the two main mechanisms that trigger the human body to breathe
Rising levels of carbon dioxide in the blood Stretch receptors in the respiratory muscles (intercostal muscles) becoming stretched
58
What are the main phases of the breathing cycle?
Inspiration/inhalation - drawing air into the lungs Exhalation/expiration - expelling air from the lungs
59
What happens during inspiration?
The diaphragm muscle contracts causing the dome shape to flatten. The external intercostal muscles contract raising the rib cage which increases the chest cavity volume. This creates a negative pressure between the air in the lungs and air in the atmosphere until the pressures are balanced
60
What happens during expiration?
The diaphragm muscle relaxes and rises, returning upwards to its dome shape. The intercostal muscles also relax, decreasing the chest cavity volume which creates a positive pressure which pushes some of the air out of the lungs.
61
Where does gaseous exchange occur?
In the lungs and the cells of the body
62
What are alveoli?
Air sacs in the lungs
63
What happens during gasceous exchange?
Oxygen in the alveaoli diffuses into the blood stream and travels to the heart where it is circulated around the body Carbon dioxide is transported from the body via the blood. It diffuses into the alveoli where is it removed during expiration Oxygen in the blood diffuses into the cells for aerobic energy production Carbon dioxide from the cells diffuse into the blood where it is circulated back into the heart and then into the lungs for removal during expiration
64
What is diffusion?
The movement of gas from an area of high concerntration to an area of low concerntration.
65
Where does the concerntration of oxygen decrease ?
Between the mouth and lungs, therefore gas flows in this direction. Carbon dioxide flows in the opposite direction
66
What is HB (harmogblobin)
Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in the blood
67
How does the cardiovascular and respiratory system work together
The oxygen binds to the hb in the red blood cells, and at the same time carbon dioxide dissociates from the hb and diffuses from the blood into the alveoli in the lungs to be removed from the body
68
What are the red blood cells transported through?
The circulatory system
69
What is the breathing rate of a bay and an adult
Baby- 30-60 breaths per min Adult - 12-20 breaths per min
70
At birth, what percentage of a persons total quota of alveoli has formed?
15%
71
What are the short term effects of exercise
``` Increased heart rate Increased breathing Increase in systolic blood pressure Increased vasodilation Increased stroke volume Increased cardiac output Increased volume of air in the lungs ```
72
What are the long term benefits of exercise
``` Decreased resting and working heart rate Increased aerobic capacity Normalised blood pressure Increased hypertrophy Increased size of the arteries Increased capillary network Increased strength of the respiratory muscles Reduced levels of bad cholesterol ```

ANATOMY L2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions