Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the two functional parts of the skeletal system?
Axial skeleton (Head, Neck, and trunk) Appendicular Skeleton (Limbs, including formation of pectoral and pelvic girdles)
What makes up the cartilage?
Resilient, semi- rigid form of connective tissue, forms parts of skeleton where more flexibility required.
What makes up articular cartilage?
Caps articulating surfaces of bones participating in synovial joints, provides smooth, low-friction, gliding surfaces
What makes up bone?
Living tissue which is highly specialized, hard form of connective tissue-makes up most of skeleton.
What do the bones of an adult provide?
- Support for body and its vital cavities (thorax, pelvis)
- Protection for vital structures (heart)
- Mechanical basis for movement (leverage)
- Storage for salts (calcium)
- Continuous supply of new red blood cells (marrow)
- Endocrine regulation
What is a long bone?
tubular in form (ex: femur)
What is a short bone?
Cuboidal, (ex: ankle and wrist)
What is a flat bone?
Usually serve as a protective function: skull, scapula, ribs
What is an irregular bone?
Various shapes, face, vertebrae
What is a Sesamoid bone?
develop in certain tendons and where tendons cross the ends of bones, protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons, patella
What is a condyle bone marking?
rounded articular area
What is a crest bone marking?
Ridge of bone
What is an epicondyle bone marking?
eminence superior to a condyle
What is a facet bone marking?
smooth, flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone
What is a Foramen bone marking?
Passage through a bone
What is a Fossa bone marking?
Hollow or depressed area
What is a Groove bone marking?
Elongated depression
What is a Line bone marking?
Linear Elevation
What is a Malleolus bone marking?
rounded process
What is a Notch bone marking?
Indentation at the edge of a bone
What is a Protuberance bone marking?
Projection of a bone
What is a Spine bone marking?
Thorn like process
What is a Spinous bone marking?
Projecting spine- like part
What is a Trochanter bone marking?
Large blunt elevation
What is a Tubercle bone marking?
Small Raised eminence
What is a Tuberosity bone marking?
Large rounded elevation
True/ False Most bones take many years to grow and mature..
True
The ______ begins to ossify at 8 weeks, but ossification not complete until age 20-21 years
Humerus
All bones derive from _______ (embryonic connective tissue) by 2 different processes
Mesenchyme
What are the two different processes of ossification?
- Intramembranous ossification
* Endochondral ossification
What is Intramembranous ossification?
Also known as membranous bone formation, mesenchymal models of bones form during embryonic period, then direct ossification of the mesenchyme begins in the fetal period
What is Endochondral Ossification?
Also know as cartilaginous bone formation, cartilage models of bones form during fetal period, then bone subsequently replaces most of the cartilage. Long bone formation=endochondral
What is the Vascular Supply of bone?
The bones are richly supplied with blood vessels, nutrient arteries pass through periosteum via nutrient foramina, they divide in the medullary cavity into longitudinal branches that supply (bone marrow, spongy bone, deeper portions of compact bone)
What are the Haversian Systems?
Microscopic canals
What are the three types of skeletal joints?
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
What are Fibrous joints (Synarthroses)?
- United by fibrous tissue
- Sutures
- Syndesmosis type
What are Cartilaginous Joints (Amphiarthroses)
- United by hyaline or fibrocartilage
- Primary cartilaginous (Synchrondroses)—>Hyaline
- Secondary Cartilaginous (Symphyses)—>Fibrocartilage
What are Synovial Joints (Diarthroses)?
4 Characteristics:
- Cavity
- Synovial Membrane and fluid
- Articular Cartilage
- Fibrous Capsule
What are the types of Synovial Joints?
- Plane or gliding
- Ball and Socket
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Condyloid
- Saddle
What are Plane or gliding Synovial Joints?
one bone glides over the other e.g. AC joint
What are Ball and Socket Synovial Joints?
ball of one joint fits into socket of the other bone e.g. GH joint
What are Hinge Synovial Joints?
Like a hinge on a door e.g. IP joint
What are Pivot Synovial Joints?
Allows rotation, e.g. AA joint
What are Condyloid Synovial Joints?
Ovoid surface (condyle into elliptical cavity, e.g. RC joint
What are Saddle synovial Joints?
similar to condyloid but no axial rotation, e.g. CMC joint
What is a Fibrous Capsule?
Strengthened by Ligaments:
- Intrinsic ligament (between carpal bones alone)
- Extrinsic Ligaments (between carpals and metacarpals)
- Intra- articular
- Extra- articular
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What is Hyaline Cartilage?
found lining articular surfaces, and in the nasal septum, tracheal rings, costal cartilages, and the epiphyseal cartilage of growing bone
What is Elastic Cartilage?
Found in the ear and epiglottis, where it provides a rigid but elastic, framework
What is Fibrocartilage?
found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, in menisci of joints, and often occurs where tendon and ligaments are joined to bones
What are articular arteries?
arise from vessels around the joint
______ often anastomose (communicate) to form networks to ensure a blood supply in any position assumes by the joint
Arteries
What are Articular veins?
Communicating veins that accompany arteries
What are articular nerves?
Arise from branches of cutaneous nerves supplying overlying skin
Most articular nerves are branches of nerves that supply the ______ that cross and therefore move the joint
Muscles
What is Hilton’s Law?
Nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and skin covering their distal attachments
