Skeletal System

Question 1

What are the two functional parts of the skeletal system?

Answer 1

Axial skeleton (Head, Neck, and trunk) 
Appendicular Skeleton (Limbs, including formation of pectoral and pelvic girdles)

Question 2

What makes up the cartilage?

Answer 2

Resilient, semi- rigid form of connective tissue, forms parts of skeleton where more flexibility required.

Question 3

What makes up articular cartilage?

Answer 3

Caps articulating surfaces of bones participating in synovial joints, provides smooth, low-friction, gliding surfaces

Question 4

What makes up bone?

Answer 4

Living tissue which is highly specialized, hard form of connective tissue-makes up most of skeleton.

Question 5

What do the bones of an adult provide?

Answer 5

1. Support for body and its vital cavities (thorax, pelvis)
2. Protection for vital structures (heart)
3. Mechanical basis for movement (leverage)
4. Storage for salts (calcium)
5. Continuous supply of new red blood cells (marrow)
6. Endocrine regulation

Question 6

What is a long bone?

Answer 6

tubular in form (ex: femur)

Question 7

What is a short bone?

Answer 7

Cuboidal, (ex: ankle and wrist)

Question 8

What is a flat bone?

Answer 8

Usually serve as a protective function: skull, scapula, ribs

Question 9

What is an irregular bone?

Answer 9

Various shapes, face, vertebrae

Question 10

What is a Sesamoid bone?

Answer 10

develop in certain tendons and where tendons cross the ends of bones, protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons, patella

Question 11

What is a condyle bone marking?

Answer 11

rounded articular area

Question 12

What is a crest bone marking?

Answer 12

Ridge of bone

Question 13

What is an epicondyle bone marking?

Answer 13

eminence superior to a condyle

Question 14

What is a facet bone marking?

Answer 14

smooth, flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone

Question 15

What is a Foramen bone marking?

Answer 15

Passage through a bone

Question 16

What is a Fossa bone marking?

Answer 16

Hollow or depressed area

Question 17

What is a Groove bone marking?

Answer 17

Elongated depression

Question 18

What is a Line bone marking?

Answer 18

Linear Elevation

Question 19

What is a Malleolus bone marking?

Answer 19

rounded process

Question 20

What is a Notch bone marking?

Answer 20

Indentation at the edge of a bone

Question 21

What is a Protuberance bone marking?

Answer 21

Projection of a bone

Question 22

What is a Spine bone marking?

Answer 22

Thorn like process

Question 23

What is a Spinous bone marking?

Answer 23

Projecting spine- like part

Question 24

What is a Trochanter bone marking?

Answer 24

Large blunt elevation

Question 25

What is a Tubercle bone marking?

Answer 25

Small Raised eminence

Question 26

What is a Tuberosity bone marking?

Answer 26

Large rounded elevation

Question 27

True/ False Most bones take many years to grow and mature..

Answer 27

True

Question 28

The ______ begins to ossify at 8 weeks, but ossification not complete until age 20-21 years

Answer 28

Humerus

Question 29

All bones derive from _______ (embryonic connective tissue) by 2 different processes

Answer 29

Mesenchyme

Question 30

What are the two different processes of ossification?

Answer 30

* Intramembranous ossification | * Endochondral ossification

Question 31

What is Intramembranous ossification?

Answer 31

Also known as membranous bone formation, mesenchymal models of bones form during embryonic period, then direct ossification of the mesenchyme begins in the fetal period

Question 32

What is Endochondral Ossification?

Answer 32

Also know as cartilaginous bone formation, cartilage models of bones form during fetal period, then bone subsequently replaces most of the cartilage. Long bone formation=endochondral

Question 33

What is the Vascular Supply of bone?

Answer 33

The bones are richly supplied with blood vessels, nutrient arteries pass through periosteum via nutrient foramina, they divide in the medullary cavity into longitudinal branches that supply (bone marrow, spongy bone, deeper portions of compact bone)

Question 34

What are the Haversian Systems?

Answer 34

Microscopic canals

Question 35

What are the three types of skeletal joints?

Answer 35

1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial

Question 36

What are Fibrous joints (Synarthroses)?

Answer 36

* United by fibrous tissue * Sutures * Syndesmosis type

Question 37

What are Cartilaginous Joints (Amphiarthroses)

Answer 37

* United by hyaline or fibrocartilage * Primary cartilaginous (Synchrondroses)--->Hyaline * Secondary Cartilaginous (Symphyses)--->Fibrocartilage

Question 38

What are Synovial Joints (Diarthroses)?

Answer 38

4 Characteristics: 1. Cavity 2. Synovial Membrane and fluid 3. Articular Cartilage 4. Fibrous Capsule

Question 39

What are the types of Synovial Joints?

Answer 39

1. Plane or gliding 2. Ball and Socket 3. Hinge 4. Pivot 5. Condyloid 6. Saddle

Question 40

What are Plane or gliding Synovial Joints?

Answer 40

one bone glides over the other e.g. AC joint

Question 41

What are Ball and Socket Synovial Joints?

Answer 41

ball of one joint fits into socket of the other bone e.g. GH joint

Question 42

What are Hinge Synovial Joints?

Answer 42

Like a hinge on a door e.g. IP joint

Question 43

What are Pivot Synovial Joints?

Answer 43

Allows rotation, e.g. AA joint

Question 44

What are Condyloid Synovial Joints?

Answer 44

Ovoid surface (condyle into elliptical cavity, e.g. RC joint

Question 45

What are Saddle synovial Joints?

Answer 45

similar to condyloid but no axial rotation, e.g. CMC joint

Question 46

What is a Fibrous Capsule?

Answer 46

Strengthened by Ligaments: 1. Intrinsic ligament (between carpal bones alone) 2. Extrinsic Ligaments (between carpals and metacarpals) 3. Intra- articular 4. Extra- articular

Question 47

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 47

Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage

Question 48

What is Hyaline Cartilage?

Answer 48

found lining articular surfaces, and in the nasal septum, tracheal rings, costal cartilages, and the epiphyseal cartilage of growing bone

Question 49

What is Elastic Cartilage?

Answer 49

Found in the ear and epiglottis, where it provides a rigid but elastic, framework

Question 50

What is Fibrocartilage?

Answer 50

found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, in menisci of joints, and often occurs where tendon and ligaments are joined to bones

Question 51

What are articular arteries?

Answer 51

arise from vessels around the joint

Question 52

______ often anastomose (communicate) to form networks to ensure a blood supply in any position assumes by the joint

Answer 52

Arteries

Question 53

What are Articular veins?

Answer 53

Communicating veins that accompany arteries

Question 54

What are articular nerves?

Answer 54

Arise from branches of cutaneous nerves supplying overlying skin

Question 55

Most articular nerves are branches of nerves that supply the ______ that cross and therefore move the joint

Answer 55

Muscles

Question 56

What is Hilton's Law?

Answer 56

Nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and skin covering their distal attachments