Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is Regional Anatomy?
It considers the organization of the human body as major parts or segments: a main body, consisting of the head, neck , and trunk, and paired upper limns and lower limbs.
What is Surface Anatomy?
an essential part of the study of regional anatomy; provides knowledge of what lies under the skin and what structures are perceptible to touch (palpable) in the living body at rest and in action.
What is Systemic Anatomy?
the study of the body’s organ system that work together to carry out complex functions.
What is the integumentary System?
consists of the skin and its appendeages- hairs, nails, and sweat glands.
What is the skeletal system?
consists of bones and cartilage; it provides our basic shape and support for the body and is what the muscular system acts on to produce movements. It also protects vital organs such as the heart, lungs, and pelvic organs.
What is the articular system?
Consists of joints and their associated ligaments, connecting the bony parts of the skeletal system and providing the sites at which movement occurs.
What is the muscular system?
Consists of skeletal muscles that act (contract) to move or position parts of the body, or smooth and cardiac muscle that propels, expels, or controls the flow of fluids and contained substance.
What is the nervous system?
Consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia, together with their motor and sensory endings). The nervous system controls and coordinated the functions of the organ systems, enabling the body’s responses to and activities within its environment.
What is the circulatory system?
consists of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, which function in parallel to transport the body’s fluids.
What is the cardiovascular system?
Consists of the heart and blood vessels that propel and conduct blood through the body, delivering oxygen, nutrients. and hormones to cells and removing their waste products.
What is the lymphatic system?
Network of lymphatic vessels that withdraws excess tissue fluid (lymph) from the body’s interstitial (intercellular) fluid compartment, filters it through lymph nodes, and returns it to the bloodstream.
What is the alimentary or digestive system?
consists of the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus, with all its associated organs and glands that function ingestions, mastication (chewing), deglutition (swallowing), digestion and absorption of food and the elimination of the solid waste (feces) remaining after the nutrients have been absorbed.
What is the respiratory system?
consists of the air passages and lungs that supply oxygen to the blood for cellular respiration and eliminate carbon dioxide from it.
What is the urinary system?
Consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra which filter blood and subsequently produce, transport, store, and intermittently excrete urine (liquid waste)
What is the genital reproductive system?
consists of the gonads (ovaries and testes) that produce oocytes (eggs) and sperms , the ducts that transport them, and the genitalia that enable their union.
What is the endocrine system?
consists of specialized structures that secrete hormones, including discrete ductless endocrine glands, isolated and clustered cells of the gut and blood vessel walls, and specialized nerve endings.
What is clinical anatomy?
(applied anatomy) emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function important in the practice of medicine, dentistry and the allied health sciences. It incorporates the regional and systemic approaches to studying anatomy and stresses clinical application.
Anatomical Position
Head, gaze (eyes) and toes directed anteriorly (forward)
Arms adjacent to the sides with the palms facing anteriorly.
Lower limbs close together with the feet parallel.
median plane (median sagittal plane)
the vertical anteroposterior plane passing longitudinally through the midlines of the head, neck, and trunk where it intersects the surface of the body, dividing it into right and left halves. Midline is often erroneously used as a synonym for the median plane.
Sagittal planes
vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane. A plane parallel and near to the median plan may be referred to as a paramedian plane.
Frontal (coronal) planes
are vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
Transverse planes
horizontal planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts. Radiologists refer to transverse planes as transaxial, which is commonly shortened to axial planes.
Longitudinal Sections
run lengthwise or parallel to the long axis of the body or of any of its parts, and the term applies regardless of the position of the body.
Transverse Sections
or cross sections, are slices of the body or its parts that are cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body or of any of its parts.
Oblique Sections
Slices of the body or any of its parts that are not cut along the previously listed anatomical planes.
Superficial
Nearer to the surface
Intermediate
Between a superficial and a deep structure
Deep
Farther from surface
Medial
Nearer to median plane
Lateral
Farther from median plane
Posterior (Dorsal)
Nearer to back
Inferior (Caudal)
Nearer to feet
Superior (cranial)
Neared to head
Proximal
Nearer to trunk or point of origin
Distal
Farther from trunk or point of origin
Anterior (Ventral)
Nearer to Front
Palmer
Anterior hand (palm)
Dorsal
Posterior hand (dorsum)
Plantar
Inferior foot surface (sole)
Dorsal
Superior foot surface (dorsum)
Bilateral
Paired structures having right and left members
Unilateral
Those occurring on one side only
Ipsilateral
Something occurring on the same side of the body as another structure
Contralateral
occurring on the opposite side of the body relative to another structure
Flexion
indicates bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body
Extension
indicates straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body.
Dorsiflexion
Flexion at the ankle joint, as occurs when walking uphill or lifting the front of the foot and toes off the ground
Plantarflexion
bends the foot and toes toward the ground, as when standing on your toes
Hyperextension
Extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit
Abduction
moving away from the median plane
Adduction
moving toward the median plane
Lateral Flexion
special forms of abduction for only the neck and trunk.
Circumduction
Circular movement that involves sequential flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in such a way that the distal end of the part movies in a circle.
Rotation
turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis, such as turning one’s head to face sideways.
Medial Rotation
brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane
Lateral Rotation
takes the anterior surface away from the median plane
Pronation
rotates the radius medially so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly.
Supination
is the opposite rotational movement, rotating the radius laterally and uncrossing it from the ulna, returning the pronated forearm to the anatomical position.
Eversion
moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane, turning the sole laterally.
Inversion
moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane
Opposition
movement by which the pad of the 1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit pad.
Reposition
movement of the 1st digit from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position.
Protrusion
movement anteriorly (forward) as in protruding the mandible, lips or tongue.
Retrusion
movement posteriorly as in retruding the mandible, lips, or tongue.
Protraction and retraction
are used most commonly for anterolateral and posteromedial movements of the scapula on the thoracic wall, causing the shoulder region to move anteriorly and posteriorly.
Elevation
raises or moves a part superiorly
Depression
lowers or moves a part inferiorly
