Skeletal system Flashcards
What does the skeletal system consist of?
Bones and connective tissues (CTs)
What are the 3 connective tissues?
Ligaments, tendons and cartilage
What are ligaments?
Slightly elastic, criss-cross collagen fibres that attach bone to bone
What is the role of ligaments?
Attach bone to bone, strengthening/ stabilising joints to allow normal range of motion whilst preventing joint dislocations/excessive movement.
What are tendons?
Parallel collagen fibres allowing for elasticity, attach bone to muscle.
What is the role of tendons?
Attach bones to muscle and transmits the muscular force to bones which causes movement.
What are the 2 types of cartilage?
Hyaline/articular
Fibro cartilage
What is hyaline/articular cartilage?
At the end of bones forming a smooth, firm surface between articulating bones. Reduces friction, allows smooth/pain free movement, act as shock absorbers.
What is fibrocartilage?
Tough, slightly flexible acting as a shock absorber and lubricant eg between individual vertebrae.
What are the 7 roles of the skeletal system?
SLAPRSS
Support Lever system Attachment sites Protection Red blood cells Shape Storage
How does the skeletal system provide support?
Provides a rigid framework eg vertebrae supports the head.
How does the skeletal system provide a lever system?
Muscles can pull against it to cause movement
How does the skeletal system provide attachment sites?
Large surface area for tendons/ligaments to attach to
How does the skeletal system provide protection?
Prevents delicate organs from being damaged eg cranium protects the brain
How does the skeletal system provide red blood cells?
In bone marrow of long bones, red blood cells are produced.
How does the skeletal system provide shape?
Individual framework (body height/width) eg wider formed pelvis)
How does the skeletal system provide storage?
Vital minerals, calcium and phosphorus are stored in bones.
What are axial bones?
The axial skeleton forms the axis of the body
What appendicular bones?
These form the upper and lower limbs/girdles that join to the axial skeleton
Which bones are axial?
Cranium, mandible, ribs, sternum, vertebrae
Which bones are appendicular?
Clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, scapula, pelvis, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, talus, tarsals, metatarsals.
What are the 5 common structures of a synovial joint?
Ligament Synovial fluid Hyaline/articular cartilage Joint capsule Synovial membrane
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Provides lubricant for the joint to move smoothly.
What is the function of the joint capsule?
Provides stability to the joint
What is the function of the synovial membrane?
Secretes synovial fluid
Allows a greater range of motion
What are the 3 extra structures that can be part of a synovial joint?
Pods of fat
Bursa
Manisci
What do the pods of fat do in a synovial joint?
Acts as a wedge between joint capsule and bone or muscle helping to absorb shock and stabilise.
What do bursa do in a synovial joint?
Provides cushioning/lubrication, adds stability, increases range of motion
What do menisci do in a synovial joint?
Extra layer of cartilage to provide more cushioning
Definition of joints?
Where two or more bones articulate
What is classification of joints based on?
The amount of movement possible at the joint?
What are the 3 types of joint?
Fixed/fibrous/immovable
Cartilaginous/partially movable
Synovial/freely movable
Describe fixed joints
Allow little/no movement between the joints, joints are interlocked and held together by connective tissue or fused together eg cranium.
Describe cartilaginous joints
Articulating bones are further apart/separated by pads of fibrocartilage which compress, acting as shock absorbers eg vertebral column disks
Describe synovial joints
Allow a wide range of motion in a variety of directions, Bone surface covered in hyaline cartilage and enclosed by fibrous joint capsules that contain synovial fluid eg the knee. Most joints are synovial.
What are the 6 types of synovial joint?
Hinge Pivot Gliding Ball and socket Saddle Condyloid
Describe the hinge synovial joint
Allows swinging motion. Flexion/Extension
Eg elbow/knee/ankle
Describe the pivot synovial joint
Allows rotation
Eg neck/vertebrae
Describe the gliding synovial joint
Smooth movement in several directions along a plane or other smooth surface
Eg vertebral column.
Describe the ball and socket synovial joint
Stable movement in several directions without slippage
Eg shoulder/hip
Describe the saddle synovial joint
Opposable thumbs can move in oval shape relative to the other bone
Describe the condyloid synovial joint
Irregular surface where the bones move past each other
Eg wrist
What are all of the anatomical movements?
Flexion/extension Dorsi/plantar flexion Abduction/adduction Medial/lateral rotation Circumduction
What is plantar flexion?
Pointing the toes
What is medial rotation?
Front part of body rotates towards the midline of the body
What is lateral rotation?
Front part of body rotates away from the midline of the body
What are the 3 planes?
Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse
Describe the sagittal plane
Vertical body plane which passes from front to rear dividing dividing body into 2 symmetrical halves (right and left sections). movements going forward/back are in this plane.
Describe the frontal plane
Passes from side to side at right angle to the sagittal plane. Divides body into front and back section. Movements going side to side are in this plane. (abduction/adduction)
Describe the transverse plane
Horizontal plane which divides body into upper/lower sections. Movements involving twisting/rotation are in this plane.
What is circumduction?
Movement combination through 2 or more planes of motion
What is pronation?
Palm of hand facing downwards
What is supination?
Palm of hand facing upwards
