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PE - Applied anatomy and physiology > Skeletal system > Flashcards

Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the skeletal system consist of?

A

Bones and connective tissues (CTs)

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2
Q

What are the 3 connective tissues?

A

Ligaments, tendons and cartilage

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3
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Slightly elastic, criss-cross collagen fibres that attach bone to bone

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4
Q

What is the role of ligaments?

A

Attach bone to bone, strengthening/ stabilising joints to allow normal range of motion whilst preventing joint dislocations/excessive movement.

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5
Q

What are tendons?

A

Parallel collagen fibres allowing for elasticity, attach bone to muscle.

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6
Q

What is the role of tendons?

A

Attach bones to muscle and transmits the muscular force to bones which causes movement.

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline/articular

Fibro cartilage

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8
Q

What is hyaline/articular cartilage?

A

At the end of bones forming a smooth, firm surface between articulating bones. Reduces friction, allows smooth/pain free movement, act as shock absorbers.

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9
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

Tough, slightly flexible acting as a shock absorber and lubricant eg between individual vertebrae.

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10
Q

What are the 7 roles of the skeletal system?

SLAPRSS

A 
Support
Lever system
Attachment sites
Protection
Red blood cells
Shape
Storage
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11
Q

How does the skeletal system provide support?

A

Provides a rigid framework eg vertebrae supports the head.

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12
Q

How does the skeletal system provide a lever system?

A

Muscles can pull against it to cause movement

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13
Q

How does the skeletal system provide attachment sites?

A

Large surface area for tendons/ligaments to attach to

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14
Q

How does the skeletal system provide protection?

A

Prevents delicate organs from being damaged eg cranium protects the brain

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15
Q

How does the skeletal system provide red blood cells?

A

In bone marrow of long bones, red blood cells are produced.

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16
Q

How does the skeletal system provide shape?

A

Individual framework (body height/width) eg wider formed pelvis)

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17
Q

How does the skeletal system provide storage?

A

Vital minerals, calcium and phosphorus are stored in bones.

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18
Q

What are axial bones?

A

The axial skeleton forms the axis of the body

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19
Q

What appendicular bones?

A

These form the upper and lower limbs/girdles that join to the axial skeleton

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20
Q

Which bones are axial?

A

Cranium, mandible, ribs, sternum, vertebrae

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21
Q

Which bones are appendicular?

A

Clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, scapula, pelvis, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, talus, tarsals, metatarsals.

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22
Q

What are the 5 common structures of a synovial joint?

A 
Ligament
Synovial fluid
Hyaline/articular cartilage
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
23
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

Provides lubricant for the joint to move smoothly.

24
Q

What is the function of the joint capsule?

A

Provides stability to the joint

25
Q

What is the function of the synovial membrane?

A

Secretes synovial fluid

Allows a greater range of motion

26
Q

What are the 3 extra structures that can be part of a synovial joint?

A

Pods of fat
Bursa
Manisci

27
Q

What do the pods of fat do in a synovial joint?

A

Acts as a wedge between joint capsule and bone or muscle helping to absorb shock and stabilise.

28
Q

What do bursa do in a synovial joint?

A

Provides cushioning/lubrication, adds stability, increases range of motion

29
Q

What do menisci do in a synovial joint?

A

Extra layer of cartilage to provide more cushioning

30
Q

Definition of joints?

A

Where two or more bones articulate

31
Q

What is classification of joints based on?

A

The amount of movement possible at the joint?

32
Q

What are the 3 types of joint?

A

Fixed/fibrous/immovable
Cartilaginous/partially movable
Synovial/freely movable

33
Q

Describe fixed joints

A

Allow little/no movement between the joints, joints are interlocked and held together by connective tissue or fused together eg cranium.

34
Q

Describe cartilaginous joints

A

Articulating bones are further apart/separated by pads of fibrocartilage which compress, acting as shock absorbers eg vertebral column disks

35
Q

Describe synovial joints

A

Allow a wide range of motion in a variety of directions, Bone surface covered in hyaline cartilage and enclosed by fibrous joint capsules that contain synovial fluid eg the knee. Most joints are synovial.

36
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joint?

A 
Hinge
Pivot
Gliding
Ball and socket
Saddle
Condyloid
37
Q

Describe the hinge synovial joint

A

Allows swinging motion. Flexion/Extension

Eg elbow/knee/ankle

38
Q

Describe the pivot synovial joint

A

Allows rotation

Eg neck/vertebrae

39
Q

Describe the gliding synovial joint

A

Smooth movement in several directions along a plane or other smooth surface
Eg vertebral column.

40
Q

Describe the ball and socket synovial joint

A

Stable movement in several directions without slippage

Eg shoulder/hip

41
Q

Describe the saddle synovial joint

A

Opposable thumbs can move in oval shape relative to the other bone

42
Q

Describe the condyloid synovial joint

A

Irregular surface where the bones move past each other

Eg wrist

43
Q

What are all of the anatomical movements?

A 
Flexion/extension
Dorsi/plantar flexion
Abduction/adduction
Medial/lateral rotation
Circumduction
44
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A

Pointing the toes

45
Q

What is medial rotation?

A

Front part of body rotates towards the midline of the body

46
Q

What is lateral rotation?

A

Front part of body rotates away from the midline of the body

47
Q

What are the 3 planes?

A

Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse

48
Q

Describe the sagittal plane

A

Vertical body plane which passes from front to rear dividing dividing body into 2 symmetrical halves (right and left sections). movements going forward/back are in this plane.

49
Q

Describe the frontal plane

A

Passes from side to side at right angle to the sagittal plane. Divides body into front and back section. Movements going side to side are in this plane. (abduction/adduction)

50
Q

Describe the transverse plane

A

Horizontal plane which divides body into upper/lower sections. Movements involving twisting/rotation are in this plane.

51
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Movement combination through 2 or more planes of motion

52
Q

What is pronation?

A

Palm of hand facing downwards

53
Q

What is supination?

A

Palm of hand facing upwards

PE - Applied anatomy and physiology (6 decks)

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