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PE - Applied anatomy and physiology > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is an agonist/prime mover?

A

The muscle that is shortening with force to initiate or cause the movement

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2
Q

What is the antagonist?

A

Muscle lengthening in opposition to the agonist

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3
Q

What is the fixator?

A

Muscle static, stabilises joint to make movement more efficient

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4
Q

What is a contraction?

A

When a muscle changes in length with a force

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of contraction?

A

Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric

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6
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A

When the muscle shortens while exerting a force

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7
Q

What is an eccentric contraction?

A

When the muscle lengthens while exerting a force

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8
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

No change in muscle length but it is exerting a force

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9
Q

What are the pairs of muscles that work together to make movement called?

A

Antagonistic pairs (normally, the agonist concentrically shortens and the antagonist lengthens in opposition)

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10
Q

What are the 4 stages of answering a movement analysis question?

A
  • Muscle length (shortening/static/lengthening)
  • Muscle function (agonist)
  • Type of muscle contraction
  • Plane of movement
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11
Q

What 3 muscles are in your hamstring?

What 3 muscles cause flexion at the knee?

A

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembrinosus

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12
Q

What 4 muscles are in your quadricep?

What 4 muscles cause extension at the knee?

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedialis

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13
Q

What causes flexion at the hip?

A

Illiopsoas

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14
Q

What causes extension at the hip?

A

Gluteus maximus

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15
Q

What causes abduction at the hip?

A

Gluteus medius

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16
Q

What causes adduction at the hip?

A

Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus

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17
Q

What causes medial rotation at the hip?

A

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

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18
Q

What causes lateral rotation at the hip?

A

Gluteus maximus

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19
Q

What causes flexion of the spine?

A

Rectus abdominus

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20
Q

What causes extension of the spine?

A

Erector spinae group

Sacrospinalis

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21
Q

What causes lateral flexion of the spine?

A

External/internal obliques

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22
Q

What causes plantar flexion?

A

Gastrocnemius and soleus

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23
Q

What causes dorsiflexion?

A

Tibialis anterior

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24
Q

What causes flexion at the wrist?

A

Wrist flexors

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25
Q

What causes extension at the wrist?

A

Wrist extensors

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26
Q

What causes flexion at the elbow?

A

Biceps brachii

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27
Q

What causes extension at the elbow?

A

Triceps brachii

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28
Q

What causes flexion at the shoulder?

A

Anterior deltoid

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29
Q

What causes extension at the shoulder?

A

Posterior deltoid

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30
Q

What causes abduction at the shoulder?

A

Medial deltoid

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31
Q

What causes adduction at the shoulder?

A

Latissimus dorsi

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32
Q

What causes horizontal flexion at the shoulder?

A

Pectoralis major

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33
Q

What causes horizontal extension at the shoulder?

A

Trapezius

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34
Q

What causes medial rotation at the shoulder?

A

Teres major
Subscapularis
Anterior deltoid

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35
Q

What causes lateral rotation at the shoulder?

A

Teres minor
Infraspinatus
Posterior deltoid

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36
Q

What causes pronation at the radioulnar joint?

A

Pronator teres

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37
Q

What cause supination at the radioulnar joint?

A

Supinator

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38
Q

What do you include in an eccentric contraction question?

A 
Eccentric
Antagonist
Lengthening
Acting as a break
Control movement
Termed negative work as lengthening but agonist
39
Q

What is your body’s core?

A

The area around your trunk and pelvis where your centre of mass is located.

40
Q

What is the role of the core?

A

Act as stabilisers/fixators for the trunk/pelvis/lower vertebrae to support the forces from your arms/legs during physical activity

41
Q

What are the 2 main core stability muscles?

A

Transverse abdominis

Multifidus

42
Q

What are the benefits of a strong core?

A

More stable centre of mass
Reduced risk of lower back pain
Improved posture/spine alignment
More stable platform, more efficient movement of arms/legs

43
Q

How do you train the core muscles?

A

Swiss ball training and pilates are two common methods of increasing the muscle tone/strength of the core stability muscles.
Eg the plank

44
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles roles?

A

They work together to provide the shoulder joint with dynamic stability, helping control the joint during rotation.

45
Q

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles? (SITS)

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

46
Q

What sports are rotator cuff muscles important in?

A

Throwing sports
They stabilise the shoulder joint when releasing the ball, despite the massive forces involved in slowing the arm down after release.

47
Q

What are the common injuries for rotator cuff muscles?

A

Tears of tendons/muscles and inflammation of structures in the joint are common problems as they are put under a lot of stress in sports that involve lots of shoulder rotation

48
Q

When do rotator cuff muscles need to be strengthened?

A

When athletes need to repeatedly produce vigorous overhead movements or are involved in contact sports.

49
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal chord

50
Q

How does the motor division of the brain transmit information from the CNS to the muscles?

A

Via efferent motor neurons which are part of the somatic nervous system

51
Q

What are motor neurons made of?

A

Dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, nodes of ranvier and axon terminals/motor end plates.

52
Q

What are neuromuscular junctions?

A

Where motor end plates meet muscle fibres

53
Q

What are motor units?

A

Motor neurone and the muscle fibres it innervates

54
Q

How many muscle fibres can a motor neuron innervate?

A

Between 15 and 2000 muscle fibres

55
Q

What is the term given to an inactive neuron?

A

Polarised
Negative charge inside the cell
Positive charge outside the cell

56
Q

What is a polarised neuron waiting for?

A

It is awaiting the next action potential to be generated. The neuron is ready to fire.

57
Q

What does a neural impulse cause?

A

Depolarisation
Positive charge inside cell
Negative charge outside cell

58
Q

What is the threshold level that needs to be reached?

A

-55mV

59
Q

What happens when the threshold level is reached?

A

Neuron fires a full action potential

Impulse passes down neuron over the myelin sheath.

60
Q

What happens at the motor end plates?

A

It turns the action potential into a chemical neurotransmitter which passes the message to next motor neuron/muscle fibre across the synapse.

61
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

Insulates the axon and speeds up the transmissions of an action potential.

62
Q

Where do depolarisation and action potentials occur?

A

Depolarisation and action potentials can only occur at the nodes of Ranvier.
Action potential travels along axon of motor neuron over the myelin sheath jumping from one node of Ranvier to another.

63
Q

What is the method of propagation termed as?

A

Saltatory conduction

64
Q

How much quicker is action potential in myelinated axons compared to unmyelinated axons.

A

5-150 times quicker

65
Q

What is different about fast twitch fibres?

A

The neurons have a larger diameter which means they present less resistance to current flow which conducts the nerve impulses faster.

66
Q

How is the nerve impulse transmitted along a motor neuron?

AP=Action potential

A

Named propagation, termed saltatory conduction
CNS transmits AP to the muscles via efferent motor neurons
Neural impulse causes depolarisation positive in negative out of cell
Dendrites receive impulse, conduct through cell body, AP transmitted along axon, over myelin sheath, jumping from one node of Ranvier to another.

67
Q

How do neurons communicate with each other?

A

By releasing neurotransmitters across synapses.

68
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Junction between 2 neurons.

The site where a nerve impulse is transmitted between 2 neurons.

69
Q

How is an impulse transmitted between neurons?

A

An impulse travels to a pre-synaptic axon terminal causing synaptic vesicles on the terminal to release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters bind to post synaptic receptors on an adjacent neuron (dendrites)

70
Q

What occurs at a neuromuscular junction?

AP=Action Potential

A

An impulse is transmitted between a motor neuron and a muscle fibre. Motor end plate stimulates synaptic vesicles which release neurotransmitters which travel across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on a muscle fiber causing depolarisation and possibly an AP which spreads across the sarcolemma into the T tubules causing the muscle fiber to contract.

71
Q

What are the 2 neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

72
Q

What is the all or none law?

A

If the stimulus causes the depolarisation threshold to be reached it fires off the action potential.
All muscle fibres innervated by that motor unit contract maximally with equal force.
If threshold not reached none of muscle fibres innervated by motor unit contract

73
Q

How do you increase the force of a contraction?

A

Recruit more motor units (more muscle fibres)
More fast twitch muscle fibres
Increase the frequency of stimulation (wave summation)

74
Q

What is the difference between slow and fast twitch fibres?

A

Slow have motor units that only have small numbers of muscle fibres (100 fibres per unit)
Fast have motor units that have large numbers of muscle fibres (10,000 per unit)

75
Q

What is the structure of Slow Oxidative Type 1 - slow twitch muscle fibres?

A 
Red and small
Lots of mitochondria and capillaries
High myoglobin levels 
Low glycogen stores
Thin myelin sheath
76
Q

What is the structure of Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Type 2a muscle fibres?

A 
Red/white and intermediately sized
Moderately high number of mitochondria
Moderate number of capillaries and myoglobin levels 
High glycogen stores
Thick myelin sheath
77
Q

What is the structure of Fast Glycolytic Type 2b muscle fibres?

A 
White and large
Few mitochondria/capillaries
Low myoglobin levels
High glycogen stores
Thickest myelin sheath
78
Q

What is the function of Slow Oxidative Type 1 - slow twitch muscle fibres?

A

Slow contractile speed
Low contractile strength
High fatigue resistance and aerobic capacity
Low anaerobic capacity

79
Q

What is the function of Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Type 2a muscle fibres?

A 
Fast contractile speed
Moderate contractile strength
Moderate fatigue resistance
Moderate aerobic capacity
High anaerobic capacity
80
Q

What is the function of Fast Glycolytic Type 2b muscle fibres?

A 
Fast contractile speed
High contractile strength 
Low fatigue resistance
Low aerobic capacity
High anaerobic capacity
81
Q

In what order are fibre types recruited?

A

ST type 1 fibres are always recruited first then as the intensity/force required increases, FT type 2a fibres are recruited. At maximum work FT type 2b fibres are also recruited.

82
Q

What is muscle fibre recruitment dependent on?

A

The force required

83
Q

What is the principle of orderly recruitment?

A

The motor units are activated in a fixed order, based on their ranking in the muscle.

84
Q

What is the size principle?

A

Order of recruitment is directly related to their motor neuron size.

85
Q

Why are slow twitch fibres recruited first?

A

They have smaller motor neurons which have a lower activation threshold.
They stimulate fewer muscle fibres, slow speed, low force, high fatigue resistance.

86
Q

Why are fast twitch fibres recruited second?

A

They have larger motor neurons which have a higher activation threshold. They stimulate more muscle fibres, produce a larger speed/force, but have a lower fatigue resistance.

87
Q

What is the work:relief ratio of slow twitch fibres?

A

1:1 OR 1:0.5

88
Q

What is the work:relief ratio of fast twitch fibres?

A

1:3+

89
Q

Why can slow twitch fibres recover quickly?

A

They share the workload by contracting intermittently with a lower force of contraction without fatiguing by-products. They are ready for contraction again in about 90 seconds.

90
Q

Can aerobic or anaerobic training be repeated regularly?

A

Aerobic as there is less muscle damage

91
Q

When are fast twitch fibres recruited?

A

Last 2-20 seconds near exhaustion with a maximum force/speed of contraction with lactic acid as a by product.

92
Q

What stores do fast twitch fibres use?

A

Immediate stores of ATP and PC which takes 2/3 minutes for full recovery during exercise.

93
Q

What is DOMS?

A

Delayed onset muscle soreness.

Occurs 24-48 hours after exercise (due to microscopic muscle tears)

94
Q

How long does DOMS take to recover?

A

Much longer than with aerobic training, 4-7 days)

PE - Applied anatomy and physiology (6 decks)

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