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PE - Applied anatomy and physiology > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Breathing of air into/out of the lungs

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of gaseous exchange?

A

External respiration

Internal respiration

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3
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood

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4
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and muscles/tissues

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5
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

In mitochondria, oxygen is used to break down glucose into carbon dioxide and water during aerobic respiration

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6
Q

Which muscles contract in inspiration at rest?

A

External intercostal muscles

Diaphragm

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7
Q

Which extra muscles contract in inspiration during exercise?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalenes

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8
Q

Which muscles contract in expiration at rest?

A

None

The diaphragm and external intercostals passively relax

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9
Q

Which extra muscles contract in expiration during exercise?

A

Internal intercostal muscles
External/internal obliques
Rectus abdominus

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10
Q

What 2 things can muscles do?

A

Actively contract or passively relax

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11
Q

What does muscle contraction and relaxing cause?

A

Movement of the ribs, sternum and abdomen either up and out or down and in

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12
Q

What does the movement of the ribs, sternum and abdomen cause?

A

The volume of the thoracic cavity to either increase or decrease

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13
Q

What happens when the volume of the thoracic cavity is decreased?

A

Lung air pressure increases causing expiration

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14
Q

What happens when the volume of the thoracic cavity is increased?

A

Lung air pressure decreases causing inspiration

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15
Q 
Which ones of these are active?
Inspiration at rest
Expiration at rest
Inspiration during exercise
Expiration during exercise
A

Inspiration at rest
Inspiration during exercise
Expiration during exercise

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16
Q

Why is expiration at rest the only passive process?

A

It is the only one where no muscles actively contract, all muscles just passively relax

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17
Q

What % of oxygen is carried in red blood cells as oxyhaemoglobin?

A

97%

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18
Q

What % of oxygen is carried in blood plasma?`

A

3%

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19
Q

What % of carbon dioxide is carried in haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin?

A

23%

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20
Q

What % of carbon dioxide is dissolved in blood plasma?

A

7%

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21
Q

What % of carbon dioxide is combined with water in red blood cells as carbonic acid?

A

70%

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22
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A protein molecule in red blood cells which contains 4 haem groups that can each carry 1 oxygen molecule

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23
Q

What process does gaseous exchange depend on?

A

Diffusion

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24
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of gases from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure down the diffusion gradient

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25
Q

What is a diffusion gradient?

A

The difference between the high and low pressure

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26
Q

What happens to diffusion as the diffusion gradient increases?

A

More diffusion occurs and at a quicker rate.

Therefore, more gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place,.

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27
Q

What is the definition of partial pressure?

A

The pressure a gas exerts within a mixture of gases.

28
Q

What type of blood has a high partial pressure of oxygen?

A

Oxygenated

29
Q

What type of blood has a low partial pressure of oxygen?

A

Deoxygenated

30
Q

What type of blood has a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

A

Deoxygenated

31
Q

What type of blood has a low partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

A

Oxygenated

32
Q

What direction does carbon dioxide go between the alveoli and blood?

A

From blood to alveoli

lower pp in alveoli

33
Q

What direction does oxygen go between the alveoli and blood?

A

From alveoli to blood

lower pp in blood

34
Q

What direction does carbon dioxide go between blood and respiring tissues?

A

From respiring tissues to blood

lower pp in blood

35
Q

What direction does oxygen go between blood and respiring tissues?

A

From blood to respiring tissues

lower pp in respiring tissues

36
Q

What dissociates/associates to the blood in external respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide dissociates and goes into alveoli

Oxygen associates to haemoglobin

37
Q

What dissociates/associates to the blood in internal respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide associates to blood

Oxygen dissociates and goes to muscles

38
Q

What happens to external/internal respiration during exercise?

A

Both increase to increase the supply of oxygen to working muscles.

39
Q

What happens to the oxygen dissociation curve during exercise?

A

Shifts right

Oxygen dissociates more easily to supply working muscles

40
Q

How much oxygen dissociates into muscles at rest?

A

25%

Still 75% saturation

41
Q

During exercise what happens to the blood returning to the lungs?

A

It is more deoxygenated as skeletal muscles are using more oxygen to release energy so more carbon dioxide is produced.

42
Q

What happens to the association of oxygen at the alveoli during exercise?

A

Increases as the pp of oxygen in the alveoli is the same but it’s lower in the alveoli capillaries so the diffusion gradient is steeper.

43
Q

What happens to the dissociation of carbon dioxide at the alveoli during exercise?

A

Increases as the pp of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is the same but it’s higher in the alveoli capillaries so the diffusion gradient is steeper.

44
Q

What 4 factors shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the right during exercise?

A

Increased temperature (blood/muscle)
Decreased pp of oxygen in muscles
Increased pp of carbon dioxide in muscles
Bohr effect (decreased pH)

45
Q

What is the definition of tidal volume?

A

Volume air expired/inspired in one breath

46
Q

What is the definition of frequency?

A

Number of breaths in 1 minute

47
Q

What is the definition of minute ventilation?

A

Volume of air inspired/expired in 1 minute

48
Q

What is the average resting tidal volume?

A

500ml per breath

49
Q

What is the average resting frequency?

A

12/15 per minute

50
Q

What is the average resting minute ventilation?

A

6-7.5 Lmin

51
Q

What is the TV during exercise (untrained)

A

2/3 L

52
Q

What is the TV during exercise (trained)

A

Up to 3.5 L

53
Q

What is the maximal frequency during exercise (untrained)

A

20-50 breaths per minute

54
Q

What is the maximal frequency during exercise (trained)

A

60 breaths per minute

55
Q

What is the maximal minute ventilation during exercise (untrained)

A

100-150 L per minute

56
Q

What is the maximal minute ventilation during exercise (trained)

A

180-210 L per minute

57
Q

Why does minute ventilation plateau during aerobic exercise?

A

Oxygen supply equals demand of muscles

58
Q

Where is the respiratory control centre?

A

Medulla oblongata

59
Q

Describe how respiratory control centre increases rate and depth of breathing

A

Sympathetic nervous system stimulates phrenic (diaphragm) and intercostal nerves to increase rate and depth of breathing

60
Q

Describe how the respiratory control centre decreases rate and depth of breathing

A

Parasympathetic nervous system decreases stimulation of respiratory muscles to decrease rate and depth of breathing

61
Q

What is another name for minute ventilation?

A

Pulmonary ventilation

62
Q

What is another name for frequency?

A

Rate of breathing

63
Q

What is another name for tidal volume?

A

Depth of each breath

64
Q

What else does the respiratory control centre stimulate during exercise?

A

The additional muscles used in breathing during exercise

65
Q

What receptors detect a need to increase pulmonary ventilation?

A

Baroreceptors (increase in blood pressure)
Proprioceptors (increase in motor movement)
Chemoreceptors (decrease in pH)

PE - Applied anatomy and physiology (6 decks)

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