Skeletal System Flashcards

0
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

Support
Protection: vital organs
Movement
Mineral homeostasis: calcium & phosphorus-hardness
Blood cell production: red blood cells - hematopoiesis
Fat storage: energy generation, stored in yellow bone marrow

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1
Q

What does the skeletal system consist of?

A

206 bones
Cartilage
Ligaments (bone to bone)
Tendons (bone to muscle)

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2
Q

Types of bone in skeletal system

A

Shape-
Long bone: humerus, femur (form joints)
Short bone: carpal, tarsal (dissipate stress)
Flat bone: rib, sternum (protection)
Sesamoid bone: patella, hand, foot (develops within tendon, protects, improves movement

Location-
Sutural bone (cranial)
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3
Q

Effects of aging on skeletal system

A
Bone matrix decreases
Bone mass decreases
Increased bone fractures
Bone loss causes deformity, loss of height, pain, stiffness
Stooped posture
Loss of teeth

*good nutrition & exercise can slow down effects

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4
Q

Bone formation

A

Ossification (hardening) or osteogenesis (beginnings)

4 situations:
Initial formation in the womb
Growth during infancy, childhood, adolescence, to adult
Remodeling throughout life
Repair of fractures throughout life
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5
Q

Histology of bone tissue

A

Bone matrix: extracellular matrix
Organic: collagen & proteoglycans (45%)
Inorganic: minerals (hydroxyapatite crystals = calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide)

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6
Q

4 types of cells in bone tissue

A

Osteogenic: unspecialized-forming
Osteoblast: bone building, manufacture collagen-forming
Osteocytes: mature bone cells-cell
Osteoclast: resorption-destroying

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7
Q

Homeostatic imbalances

A

Fracture: inability to adapt/withstand stress
Osteoporosis: demineralization of bone

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8
Q

Initial formation of bone

A

Intramembranous ossification:
Within a membrane model (skull, facial bones)
Fontanels-sutures

Endochondrial ossification:
Within a cartilage model 
Epiphyseal plate (lengthwise growth)
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9
Q

Bone growth- childhood to adulthood

A

Longitudinal growth:
Epiphyseal plate
Interstitial growth of cartilage in epiphyseal side
Replacement of cartilage on diaphyseal side with bone (endochondral ossification)

Appositional growth:
Thickness
Balance between osteoblast activity on periosteal side & osteoclast activity on endosteal side

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10
Q

Factors affecting bone growth and remodeling-nutrition

A

Minerals: calcium
Vitamin D: allow adequate amount of calcium to be deposited
Vitamin C: helps form collagen
Vitamin A: balances osteoclast & osteoblast activity

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11
Q

Factors affecting bone growth and remodeling- mechanical

A

Exercise vs. sedentary

Piezoelectric effect: walking, etc. allows calcium in
Wolf’s law: structure will adapt to stress put on it

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12
Q

Factors affecting bone growth and remodeling-hormones

A

Growth hormone: regulate activity of epiphyseal plate (excess: gigantism/deficiency: dwarfism)
Thyroid hormone
Calcitonin: produced by thyroid, calcium deposition
Parathyroid hormone: removes calcium; not enough in body
Sex hormones: estrogen-reform bone; birth/testosterone-thicker & heavier

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