Integumentary System

Question 0

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

Answer 0

Protection
Blood reservoir
Temperature regulation
Sensation
Chemical synthesis
Excretion & absorption

Question 1

What does the integumentary system consist of?

Answer 1

Skin
Hair
Nails
Glands
Sensory receptors

Question 2

Specialized functions of integumentary system: protection

Answer 2

Keratinization: protects from water loss

Immune function: keratinocytes/Langerhan’s cell and sebum

Question 3

Specialized function of integumentary system: sensory function

Answer 3

Sensory function: ability to detect environmental changes

Exteroceptors: sensory receptors located in skin to respond to tactile sensations and temperature changes

Question 4

Specialized functions of integumentary system

Answer 4

Blood reservoir: dermis

Excretion & absorption (negligible function)

Question 5

Specialized functions of integumentary system: chemical synthesis

Answer 5

Melanin: pigmentation, protective role against UV Rays
Keratin: waterproofs
Vitamin D: sunlight, important in bone health

Question 6

Special owe functions of integumentary system: thermoregulation

Answer 6

Importance: homeostasis, 98.6 in order for cells to function properly
Radiation: transfer of heat through space from one object to another (heat from sun)
Conduction: Heat gain/loss through direct contact (ice pack, sitting on cold bleachers)
Convection: Heat gain/loss through indirect contact (wind chill/whirlpool)
Evaporation: Heat loss, cooling by converting liquid to vapor (sweating)

Question 7

Malfunctions in temperature regulation

Answer 7

Hypothermia: too little heat
Heat loss > Heat gain

Hyperthermia: too much heat
Heat loss < Heat gain

Question 8

Hair structure

Answer 8

Primary components:
Shaft: what you see, dead keratinized tissue
Root

Accessory structure:
Follicle
Arrector pili: smooth muscle, when contracted hair stands up
Bulb
Melanocytes

Question 9

Hair color

Answer 9

Pigmented by melanin

Genetically determined:
Brown/black
Yellow brown/red

Gray hair- lack of melanin

Question 10

Hair growth

Answer 10

Hair follicle
Cycles: fast & slow, follicles die and hair falls out

Factors:
Nutrition
Hormones- androgens (sex hormones)
Stressors

Question 11

Skin

Answer 11

Dermatology: skin doctor

3 layers-
Epidermis: outer layer
Dermis: second layer
Hypodermis: third layer (subcutaneous layer, superficial fascia)

Question 12

Accessory skin structure

Answer 12

Hair
Glands
Nails

Question 13

Skin color: physiological factors

Answer 13

Albinism: deficiency/absence of pigment in hair, skin, eyes

Respiratory/vascular disease: can decrease quantity of oxygen in blood, resulting in a blush tint to the skin called cyanosis

Question 14

Skin color: environmental factors

Answer 14

Sun exposure influences melanin production

Question 15

Skin color: genetic factors

Answer 15

Melanin production determined by genetic factors

Question 16

Skin- aging effects

Answer 16

Skin more easily damaged
Decreased ability to regulate temperature
Oil glands decrease; skin becomes drier
Functioning melanocytes decrease or increase as with age spots
Sunlight/environment/smoking ages skin more rapidly

Question 17

Skin-burns

Answer 17

Homeostatic imbalance

First degree: only epidermis is damaged (sunburn, iron, does not create an open wound)
Second degree: epidermis and dermis are damaged, leaves scar, longer healing time
Third degree: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are damaged, lost protective function, scarred skin, may need skin grafts

Question 18

Epidermis

Answer 18

Avascular
Stratified epithelial tissue
5 epithelial strata
4 cell types

Question 19

Epidermis cell types

Answer 19

Keratinocytes: produce keratin for strength
Melanocytes: contribute to skin color
Langerhan’s cells: part of immune system
Merkel’s cells: detect light touch & pressure

Question 20

Dermis- functions

Answer 20

Binds
Sensory
Nourishes (vascular)
Toughness & elasticity

Question 21

Dermis characteristics

Answer 21

Structural strength

Histologic features-
Reticular: connective tissue (elastic & collagen fibers) gives skin elasticity, houses accessory organs
Papillary: interlocking layer, dense irregular connective tissue
*fingerprints: arrangement of papilla

Question 22

Hypodermis

Answer 22

Skin rests on this, but not a part of

Histologic features:
Adipose (thermoregulator)
Areolar connective tissue

Also called:
Subcutaneous tissue
Superficial fascia

Question 23

Epithelial strata

Answer 23

1. ) stratum basale: basement membrane, cells divide by mitosis & some of the newly formed cells become the cells of the more superficial strata
2. ) stratum spinosum: not a reproducing layer, contains keratinocytes, keratin fibers lamellar bodies accumulate
3. ) stratum granulosm: layer of dead cells, keratohyalin & a hard protein envelope form, lamellar bodies release lipids, cells die
4. ) stratum lucidum: clear, dead cells containing dispersed keratohyalin
5. ) stratum corneum: layer you see, dead cells with a hard protein envelope, the cells contain keratin & are surrounded by lipids

Question 24

Thick skin

Answer 24

Has all 5 epithelial strata

Found in areas subject to pressure or friction (palms of hands, soles of feet, fingertips)

Question 25

Thin skin

Answer 25

Missing the stratum lucidum
More flexible than thick skin
Hairy
Covers rest of body

Question 26

Sebaceous glands

Answer 26

Secrets sebum
Exocrine gland
Share a duct with hair
Sebum moistens skin, aids epidermis in waterproofing, bactericide (prevents bacteria from entering skin)

Question 27

Sudoriferous glands

Answer 27

Merocrine or eccrine: most abundant, most of dermal tissue, secretes water, electrolytes, salty sweat, helps with temperature regulation
Apocrine: axillal and anogenital, oily sweat, gives body odor, stains clothes, excreted in stressful times, no temperature regulation.

Specialized glands-
Ceruminous: only in ears; wax
Mammary: in breast tissue; holocrine gland

Question 28

Nail- composition

Answer 28

Hard, keratinized epithelial tissue

Question 29

Nail- structural components

Answer 29

Nail body: rests on nail bed
Nail bed
Eponychium: cutical, holds nail in place & protects living/growing part of nail
Nail matrix: living part of nail
Free border
Hidden border: root

Question 30

Nail- function

Answer 30

Protect vulnerable surfaces

Help pick up objects