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Anatomy > skeletal system > Flashcards

skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

osteology

A

study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders

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2
Q

6 general functions

A

support
protection of internal organs
movement
maintains homeostasis between bone and mineral
hemopoiesis
store trigigcerides (fat) in yellow bone marrow

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3
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

process where red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

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4
Q

Where does hemopoisis occure

A

pelvis, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, ends of arm and thigh bones, developing bones in the fetus

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5
Q

What 7 tissues make up bone

A
  1. blood connective
  2. bone connective
  3. adipose connective
  4. dense connective
  5. nerve tissue
  6. cartilage connective
  7. Epithelial tissue
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6
Q

How are bones classified

A

by their shape

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7
Q

sesamoid bone

A

small bones that develop in tendons for protection against wear and tear

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8
Q

example of a sesamoid bone

A

patella

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9
Q

Long bone

A
  1. greater in length than width
  2. slightly curved for strength
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10
Q

example of long bone

A

femur, ulna, tibia, fibula, humerus, phalanges, and clavicle

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11
Q

short bones

A

somewhat cubes shaped nearly equal in length and width

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12
Q

example of short bones

A

patella, tarsals, carpals

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13
Q

2 functions of flat bones

A
  1. protection
  2. provide surfaces for muscle attachment
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14
Q

irregular bones

A

don’t fit in other categories

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15
Q

example of flat bones

A

cranial, sternum, scapula, ribs

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16
Q

example of irregular bones

A

vertebrae, facial bones, hip bones

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17
Q

macroscopic structures of the long bone

A
  1. diaphysis
  2. epiphyses
  3. metaphyses
  4. epiphyseal plate
  5. articular cartilage
  6. periosteum
  7. medullary cavity
  8. endosteum
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18
Q

epiphyses

A

distal and prooxmial ends; top and bottom of bone

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18
Q

Diaphysis

A

bones shaft or body; main portion of the bone

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19
Q

metaphyses

A

region in mature bone where the diaphysis joints the epiphyses

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20
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

in growing bone; layer of hylain cartilage CT that allows the diaphysis to grow in length

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21
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hylain cartilage CT that covers the part of the epiphyses where the bone form a joint with another

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22
Q

function of articular cartilage

A
  1. reduces friction
  2. absorbs shock
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23
Q

Periosteum

A

outside of the bone very tough strength of dense irregular CT

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24
Q

function of the periosteum

A
  1. protects the bone
  2. assists in fracture repair
  3. contains bone forming cells that enable bone to grow in thickness but not in length
  4. helps nourish bone and tissue
  5. serves as a attachment for tendons and ligaments
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25
Q

medullary cavity

A

space in the center of the bone where yellow bone marrow Is formed

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26
Q

endosteum

A

thin layer that lines the medullary cavity and contains a single layer of bone forming cells

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27
Q

4 cells in microscopic structures

A

osteogenic cells
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteocytes

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28
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

unspecialized stem cells that form osteoblasts

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29
Q

what microscopic structure cell can divide and into what

A

osteogenic cells and they divide into osteoblasts

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30
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone building cells
synthesize and secrete collagen fiber

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31
Q

osteocytes

A

maintain bones daily metabolism (exchange of nutrients and waste with blood)

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32
Q

Osteoclasts

A

huge cells serived from the fusion of as many 50 monocytes

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33
Q

what are monocytes

A

type of white blood cells found in the endosteum

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34
Q

what do osteoclasts release

A

powerful lysosomal enzymes and acids that digestive the protein and mineral components of the bone matrix

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35
Q

what is the breakdown of bone extracelluar matrix

A

resorption

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36
Q

what is another name for bone

A

osseous tissue

37
Q

what bone makes up 80%

A

compact bone

38
Q

what bone makes up 20%

A

spongey bone

39
Q

what % of collagen fiber gives strength and flexibility in the matrix of bone

A

25%

40
Q

what % of mineral salts are in the matrix of bone

A

50%

41
Q

mineral salts give what is matrix of bone

A

hardness

42
Q

what mineral salts are in the bone matrix

A

calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate

43
Q

compact bone is what

A

strongest bone

44
Q

what is compact bone in units

A

osteons

45
Q

central canal

A

contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

46
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

located around central canal
rings of hardness calcifed extracellular matrix

47
Q

lacunae (dark lines)

A

between the concentric lamellae
small spaces which contain osteocytes

48
Q

canaliculi

A
  • small channels radiating in all directions from lacunae
  • contain extracelluar fluid and finger like process or osteosytes
49
Q

what are the fuctions of canaliculi

A
  1. connect the lacunae to one another and with central canal
  2. provide rout for nutrients and oxygen to reach the osteocytes and also carry away waste
50
Q

performing canal

A

means by which blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum penetrate compact bone

51
Q

periosteum

A

outside tissue on the bone

51
Q

what is spongey bone

A

light make up most of the bone tissue of short flat and irregualr shaped bones forms most of the epiphyses of long bones

52
Q

where is spongey bone located

A

narrow rim around the medullary cavity of the diaphysis

53
Q

what is spongey bone unit

A

trabeculae

54
Q

what is trabeculae

A

irregular lattice structure of thin columns of bone

55
Q

what does spongey bone not have

A

osteons

56
Q

where do you find red bone marrow

A

in the spaces of the spongey bone

57
Q

Ossification

A

process in which bone forms

58
Q

how many Principle situations where ossification occurs

A

4

59
Q

4 principle situations

A
  1. initial formation of bones in an embryo
  2. growth of bones during infancy until adult size is reached
  3. remolding of bones
  4. repair of fractures
60
Q

what does remolding of bones mean

A

replacement of old bone with new bone throughout life

61
Q

bone growth in length is related to what

A

the activity of the Epithelial plate

62
Q

when bone grows in length new what forms

A

chondrocytes

63
Q

chondrocytes from on…

A

the epiphesial side of the plate while the old chondrocytes on the diaphyseal side of the plate are replaced by bone

64
Q

what does that allow

A

the thickness of the Epithelial plate to remain constant but the bone on the diaphyseal size increase length

65
Q

what happens when adolence ends

A

the formation of new cells and extra cellular matrix decrease and eventually stops around age 18-25

66
Q

at this point…

A

bone replaces all cartilage leaning a bony structure called epipheseal line and bone stops growing in length

67
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

a hyaline cartilage plate located in the metaphysis of long bones where new bone growth occurs

68
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

a raised ridge on a mature bone that marks the point where an epiphyseal plate has ossified and stopped growing

69
Q

Bone remodling involves what 2 things

A
  1. resorption
  2. bone depiction
70
Q

resorption

A

removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclyasts

71
Q

deception

A

addition of mineral salts and collagen fibers to bones by osteoblasts

72
Q

4 requirements for normal bone matabalism

A
  1. minerals
  2. vitamins
  3. hormones
  4. weight boring exercises
73
Q

what minerals are required for bone matabalism

A

-flouride
-maganese
-magneisum
-phospherus
-calcium

74
Q

what % of calcium does bone store

A

90%

75
Q

what does calcium do for the bone

A
  • transmission of nerve impulses
    -muscle contraction
  • blood clotting
  • cell division
    -secretion by glands and nerve cells
    -enzyme function
76
Q

what vitamins are involved

A

A, K,B12,D,C

77
Q

weight baring exercises

A

-walking
-running
-weight lifting

78
Q

the stimulus will….

A

be a decrease in blood calcium

79
Q

step 1

A

the parathyroid gland cells detect the lower calcium levels causing them to increase their production cyclin AMP

80
Q

what is the receptor

A

parathyroid cells

81
Q

what is the input

A

cyclic AMP

82
Q

step 2

A

the gene for the parathyroid hormone within the nucleus of a parathyroid gland cell detects the increase production of cyclin AMP

83
Q

what is the control center

A

gene

84
Q

step 3

A

as a result parathyroid hormone synthesis speeds up and more PTH is released into the blood

85
Q

what is the output

A

PTH

86
Q

step 4

A

the present of higher level of PTH increases the number and activity of osteoclasts which steps up the pase of both resorption

87
Q

what is the effector

A

osteoclasts

88
Q

step 5

A

the resulting release of calcium from bone (Ca +2) into blood calcium levels to normal and homeostasis is restored

Anatomy (9 decks)

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