skeletal system Flashcards
1
Q
osteology
A
study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders
2
Q
6 general functions
A
support
protection of internal organs
movement
maintains homeostasis between bone and mineral
hemopoiesis
store trigigcerides (fat) in yellow bone marrow
3
Q
Hemopoiesis
A
process where red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
4
Q
Where does hemopoisis occure
A
pelvis, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, ends of arm and thigh bones, developing bones in the fetus
5
Q
What 7 tissues make up bone
A
- blood connective
- bone connective
- adipose connective
- dense connective
- nerve tissue
- cartilage connective
- Epithelial tissue
6
Q
How are bones classified
A
by their shape
7
Q
sesamoid bone
A
small bones that develop in tendons for protection against wear and tear
8
Q
example of a sesamoid bone
A
patella
9
Q
Long bone
A
- greater in length than width
- slightly curved for strength
10
Q
example of long bone
A
femur, ulna, tibia, fibula, humerus, phalanges, and clavicle
11
Q
short bones
A
somewhat cubes shaped nearly equal in length and width
12
Q
example of short bones
A
patella, tarsals, carpals
13
Q
2 functions of flat bones
A
- protection
- provide surfaces for muscle attachment
14
Q
irregular bones
A
don’t fit in other categories
15
Q
example of flat bones
A
cranial, sternum, scapula, ribs
16
Q
example of irregular bones
A
vertebrae, facial bones, hip bones
17
Q
macroscopic structures of the long bone
A
- diaphysis
- epiphyses
- metaphyses
- epiphyseal plate
- articular cartilage
- periosteum
- medullary cavity
- endosteum
18
Q
epiphyses
A
distal and prooxmial ends; top and bottom of bone
18
Q
Diaphysis
A
bones shaft or body; main portion of the bone
19
Q
metaphyses
A
region in mature bone where the diaphysis joints the epiphyses
20
Q
epiphyseal plate
A
in growing bone; layer of hylain cartilage CT that allows the diaphysis to grow in length
21
Q
articular cartilage
A
thin layer of hylain cartilage CT that covers the part of the epiphyses where the bone form a joint with another
22
Q
function of articular cartilage
A
- reduces friction
- absorbs shock
23
Q
Periosteum
A
outside of the bone very tough strength of dense irregular CT
24
function of the periosteum
1. protects the bone
2. assists in fracture repair
3. contains bone forming cells that enable bone to grow in thickness but not in length
4. helps nourish bone and tissue
5. serves as a attachment for tendons and ligaments
25
medullary cavity
space in the center of the bone where yellow bone marrow Is formed
26
endosteum
thin layer that lines the medullary cavity and contains a single layer of bone forming cells
27
4 cells in microscopic structures
osteogenic cells
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteocytes
28
Osteogenic cells
unspecialized stem cells that form osteoblasts
29
what microscopic structure cell can divide and into what
osteogenic cells and they divide into osteoblasts
30
Osteoblasts
bone building cells
synthesize and secrete collagen fiber
31
osteocytes
maintain bones daily metabolism (exchange of nutrients and waste with blood)
32
Osteoclasts
huge cells serived from the fusion of as many 50 monocytes
33
what are monocytes
type of white blood cells found in the endosteum
34
what do osteoclasts release
powerful lysosomal enzymes and acids that digestive the protein and mineral components of the bone matrix
35
what is the breakdown of bone extracelluar matrix
resorption
36
what is another name for bone
osseous tissue
37
what bone makes up 80%
compact bone
38
what bone makes up 20%
spongey bone
39
what % of collagen fiber gives strength and flexibility in the matrix of bone
25%
40
what % of mineral salts are in the matrix of bone
50%
41
mineral salts give what is matrix of bone
hardness
42
what mineral salts are in the bone matrix
calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
43
compact bone is what
strongest bone
44
what is compact bone in units
osteons
45
central canal
contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
46
Concentric lamellae
located around central canal
rings of hardness calcifed extracellular matrix
47
lacunae (dark lines)
between the concentric lamellae
small spaces which contain osteocytes
48
canaliculi
- small channels radiating in all directions from lacunae
- contain extracelluar fluid and finger like process or osteosytes
49
what are the fuctions of canaliculi
1. connect the lacunae to one another and with central canal
2. provide rout for nutrients and oxygen to reach the osteocytes and also carry away waste
50
performing canal
means by which blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum penetrate compact bone
51
periosteum
outside tissue on the bone
51
what is spongey bone
light make up most of the bone tissue of short flat and irregualr shaped bones forms most of the epiphyses of long bones
52
where is spongey bone located
narrow rim around the medullary cavity of the diaphysis
53
what is spongey bone unit
trabeculae
54
what is trabeculae
irregular lattice structure of thin columns of bone
55
what does spongey bone not have
osteons
56
where do you find red bone marrow
in the spaces of the spongey bone
57
Ossification
process in which bone forms
58
how many Principle situations where ossification occurs
4
59
4 principle situations
1. initial formation of bones in an embryo
2. growth of bones during infancy until adult size is reached
3. remolding of bones
4. repair of fractures
60
what does remolding of bones mean
replacement of old bone with new bone throughout life
61
bone growth in length is related to what
the activity of the Epithelial plate
62
when bone grows in length new what forms
chondrocytes
63
chondrocytes from on...
the epiphesial side of the plate while the old chondrocytes on the diaphyseal side of the plate are replaced by bone
64
what does that allow
the thickness of the Epithelial plate to remain constant but the bone on the diaphyseal size increase length
65
what happens when adolence ends
the formation of new cells and extra cellular matrix decrease and eventually stops around age 18-25
66
at this point...
bone replaces all cartilage leaning a bony structure called epipheseal line and bone stops growing in length
67
epiphyseal plate
a hyaline cartilage plate located in the metaphysis of long bones where new bone growth occurs
68
Epiphyseal line
a raised ridge on a mature bone that marks the point where an epiphyseal plate has ossified and stopped growing
69
Bone remodling involves what 2 things
1. resorption
2. bone depiction
70
resorption
removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclyasts
71
deception
addition of mineral salts and collagen fibers to bones by osteoblasts
72
4 requirements for normal bone matabalism
1. minerals
2. vitamins
3. hormones
4. weight boring exercises
73
what minerals are required for bone matabalism
-flouride
-maganese
-magneisum
-phospherus
-calcium
74
what % of calcium does bone store
90%
75
what does calcium do for the bone
- transmission of nerve impulses
-muscle contraction
- blood clotting
- cell division
-secretion by glands and nerve cells
-enzyme function
76
what vitamins are involved
A, K,B12,D,C
77
weight baring exercises
-walking
-running
-weight lifting
78
the stimulus will....
be a decrease in blood calcium
79
step 1
the parathyroid gland cells detect the lower calcium levels causing them to increase their production cyclin AMP
80
what is the receptor
parathyroid cells
81
what is the input
cyclic AMP
82
step 2
the gene for the parathyroid hormone within the nucleus of a parathyroid gland cell detects the increase production of cyclin AMP
83
what is the control center
gene
84
step 3
as a result parathyroid hormone synthesis speeds up and more PTH is released into the blood
85
what is the output
PTH
86
step 4
the present of higher level of PTH increases the number and activity of osteoclasts which steps up the pase of both resorption
87
what is the effector
osteoclasts
88
step 5
the resulting release of calcium from bone (Ca +2) into blood calcium levels to normal and homeostasis is restored
