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Anatomy & Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the skeleton?

A

Axial and Appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

What are the main components of the skeletal system?

A

Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments

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3
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support the body
Protect soft organs
Store minerals and fats
Blood cell formation

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4
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Blood cell formation

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5
Q

The adult skeleton has how many bones?

A

206

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6
Q

What are the two basic types of bone tissue?

A

Compact bone (dense, smooth) and spongy/cancellous bone(many holes, needle-like)

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7
Q

What are the 4 classifications of bones according to shape?

A

Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
Irregular bone

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8
Q

This type of bones are typically longer than they are wide.

A

Long bone

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9
Q

True or False: All the bones of the limbs are long bones.

A

FALSE. The wrist, ankle, and kneecap bones are not long bones.

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10
Q

True or False: Long bones primarily contain spongy bone.

A

FALSE. They contain mostly compact bone.

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11
Q

This type of bone are typically cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy bone.

A

Short bone

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12
Q

If the wrist and ankle are not long bones, what type of bone are they?

A

Short bone

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13
Q

What type or bone is the patella (kneecap)?

A

Sesamoid

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14
Q

What special type of short bone forms within tendons?

A

Sesamoid

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15
Q

True or False: The femus and humerus are both examples of long bones.

A

TRUE

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16
Q

True or False: Examples of flat bone are the carpal and tarsal bones.

A

FALSE. They are examples of short bones.

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17
Q

This type of bone is thin, flattened, and usually curved.

A

Flat bone

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18
Q

True or False: Flat bones consist of two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone.

A

TRUE

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19
Q

This type of bone do not fit into other bone classification categories.

A

Irregular bone

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20
Q

True or False: Bones are organs.

A

TRUE

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21
Q

What are the two main parts of the long bone?

A

Diaphysis and epiphysis

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22
Q

It is the shaft of the long bone that makes up most of the bone’s length.

A

Diaphysis

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23
Q

It is the ends of the long bone.

A

Epiphysis

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24
Q

What is the outside covering of the diaphysis called?

A

Periosteum

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25
Q

What fibers secure periosteum to underlying bone?

A

Sharpey’s fibers

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26
Q

True or False: The epiphysis is composed mostly of compact bone enclosed by thin
layer of spongy bone.

A

FALSE. It is composed mostly of spongy bone enclosed by thin
layer of compact bone.

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27
Q

What covers the external surface of the epiphyses?

A

Articular cartilage

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28
Q

What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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29
Q

What is the purpose of articular cartilage?

A

To decrease friction at joint surfaces

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30
Q

It is a flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone that causes the lengthwise growth of a long bone.

A

Epiphysial plate

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31
Q

The remnant of the epiphyseal plate that is seen in adult bones.

A

Epiphysial line

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32
Q

It is the cavity inside the shaft of a long bone.

A

Marrow/medullary cavity

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33
Q

What does the medullary cavity contain?

A

Red and yellow bone marrow

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34
Q

What are red and yellow bone marrow for?

A

Red blood marrow - hematopoiesis
Yellow bone marrow - fat

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35
Q

True or False: In adults, red marrow is situated in cavities of
spongy bone and epiphyses of some long bones.

A

TRUE

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36
Q

Bone cells are known as…?

A

Osteocytes

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37
Q

Osteocytes are situated within cavities known as…?

A

Lucanae

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38
Q

Lacunae are arranged in concentric rings called…?

A

Lamellae

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39
Q

Where canal are the lamellae situated around?

A

Haversian canal

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40
Q

It is the opening in the center of an osteon that runs lengthwise through bone and carries blood vessels and nerves.

A

Haversian canal

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41
Q

It is a unit of bone containing central canal and matrix
rings

A

Osteon

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42
Q

These are tiny canals that radiate from the central canal to lacunae and form a transport system connecting all bone cells
to a nutrient supply.

A

Canaliculi

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43
Q

It is a canal perpendicular to the central canal that carries blood vessels and nerves.

A

Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal

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44
Q

What makes bone flexible?

A

Organic parts

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45
Q

What makes bone hard?

A

Calcium salts

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46
Q

It is the process of bone formation.

A

Ossification

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47
Q

What type of cartilage typically undergoes ossification?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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48
Q

What are the two major phases of ossification in long bones?

A

Bone formation & bone digestion

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49
Q

They are also known as bone forming cells.

A

Osteoblasts

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50
Q

True or False: By birth, most cartilage is converted to bone.

A

TRUE

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51
Q

What are the two regions in a long bone that are not converted into bone?

A

Articular cartilages
Epiphyseal plates

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52
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Growth in diameter

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53
Q

What hormones control bone growth?

A

Growth hormone (somatotropin)

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54
Q

At what stage of life is the epiphysial plate converted to bone?

A

Adolescence

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55
Q

Bones are remodeled throughout life because of what 2 factors?

A

Blood calcium levels and pull of gravity and muscles

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56
Q

What hormone is released when blood calcium levels are low?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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57
Q

What cells are activated by the parathyroid hormone?

A

Osteoclasts

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58
Q

True or False: Osteoclasts are known as bone forming cells.

A

FALSE. They are bone-destroying cells.

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59
Q

High blood calcium levels are also known as…?

A

Hypercalcemia

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60
Q

It is a break in the bone.

A

Fracture

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61
Q

What are the two types of bone fracture?

A

Closed/simple fracture and open/compound fracture

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62
Q

It is a break that does not
penetrate the skin.

A

Closed/simple fracture

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63
Q

A fracture where the broken bone penetrates
through the skin.

A

Open/compound fracture

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64
Q

How are bone fractures treated?

A

Reduction and immobilization

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65
Q

What are the two types of reduction?

A

Closed reduction and open reduction

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66
Q

It is a type of reduction where bones are manually coaxed into
position by physician’s hands.

A

Closed reduction

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67
Q

A reduction wherein bones are secured with pins or
wires during surgery.

A

Open reduction

68
Q

What are the steps in the healing of bone fractures?

A

Hematoma
Formation of fibrocartilage
Formation of bony callus
Bone remodeling

69
Q

What are the six types of fractures?

A

Comminuted
Compression
Depressed
Impacted
Spiral
Greenstick

70
Q

A bone fracture where the bone breaks into many fragments.

A

Comminuted

71
Q

Bone fracture where the bone is crushed.

A

Compression

72
Q

Bone fracture where the broken bone portion is pressed inward.

73
Q

Bone fracture where broken bone ends are forced into each
other

74
Q

Fracture that occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone.

75
Q

Fracture where the bone breaks incompletely.

A

Greenstick

76
Q

This skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body.

A

Axial skeleton

77
Q

What are the three parts of the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, vertebral column, and thorax

78
Q

What are the two sets of bones in the skull?

A

Cranium bones and facial bones

79
Q

This part of the skull encloses the brain.

A

Cranium bones

80
Q

This part of the skull holds eyes in anterior position and allows facial muscles to express feelings

A

Facial bones

81
Q

How are the bones in the skull joined together?

82
Q

What is the only bone in the skull not joined by a suture?

83
Q

What are the 8 cranium bones that protect the brain?

A

Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Parietal bones
Temporal bones

84
Q

Which of the 8 cranium bones are paired?

A

Parietal and temporal bones

85
Q

What are the 14 facial bones?

A

Maxillae
Zygomatics
Palatines
Nasals
Lacrimals
Inferior nasal conchae
Mandible
Vomer

86
Q

Which 2 facial bones are the only ones NOT paired?

A

Mandible and vomer

87
Q

Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal
cavity.

A

Paranasal sinuses

88
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Lighten the skull
Amplify sounds made as we speak

89
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus

90
Q

What is the only bone that does not articulate with another
bone?

A

Hyoid bone

91
Q

It serves as a movable base for the tongue and assists in swallowing and speech

A

Hyoid bone

92
Q

True or False: The fetal skull is large compared to the infant’s total body length.

93
Q

True or False: Fetal skull is 1/4 body length compared to adult skull, which is 1/8 body length

94
Q

They are fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones.

95
Q

What are the C-shaped spinal curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions that are present from birth?

A

Primary curvatures

96
Q

What are the S-shaped spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regions and develop after birth?

A

Secondary curvatures

97
Q

What are the two curvatures in the spine?

A

Primary and secondary curvatures

98
Q

It forms a cage to protect the major organs.

A

Bony thorax

99
Q

What are the three parts of the bony thorax?

A

Ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae

100
Q

How many pairs of ribs are in the bony thorax?

101
Q

What pairs of ribs are the true ribs that connect to the sternum?

103
Q

What pairs of ribs are the false ribs that connect to other ribs?

A

Pairs 8-12

104
Q

What pairs of ribs are the floating ribs that do not connect?

A

Pairs 11-12

105
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

106
Q

What are the categories of bones in the appendicular skeleton?

A

Limbs/appendages
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle

107
Q

What girdle attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton?

A

Pectoral/Shoulder girdle

108
Q

What are the two bones of the shoulder girdle?

A

Scapula and clavicle

109
Q

It is a ight, poorly reinforced girdle, that allows the upper limb a great deal of freedom.

A

Pectoral/shoulder girdle

110
Q

What bone forms the arm?

111
Q

What is the proximal end articulation of the humerus?

A

Head articulates with the glenoid activity of the scapula

112
Q

What is the distal end articulation of the scapula?

A

The trochlea and capitulum articulate with the bones of
the forearm.

113
Q

What are the two bones of the forearm?

A

Ulna (medial in anatomical position) and radius (lateral in anatomical position)

114
Q

What are the three types of bones in the hand?

A

Carpal (wrist), metacarpals (palm), and phalanges (fingers)

115
Q

How many bones are in the wrist?

A

8 bones in each hand arranged in 2 rows of 4

116
Q

How many metacarpal bones are in the hand?

A

5 on each hand

117
Q

How many phalanges are in the hand?

A

14 in each hand (3 in each finger, 2 in the thumb)

118
Q

True or False: The pelvic girdle is formed by two coxal bones and the sacrum, while the bony pelvis is formed by two coxal bones, the sacrum and the coccyx.

119
Q

What are the three pairs of fused bones in the pelvic girdle?

A

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

120
Q

True or False: The entire body weight of the upper body rests on the lower limbs (legs).

A

FALSE. They rest on the pelvic girdle.

121
Q

What are the organs protected by the pelvis?

A

Reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and part of he large intestine.

122
Q

True or False: The male pelvis is different from the female pelvis.

123
Q

What is also known as the thigh bone?

124
Q

What is also known as the collarbone?

125
Q

It is the heaviest and strongest bone in the body.

126
Q

What are the two bones of the lower leg?

A

Tibia and fibula

127
Q

What is known as the shinbone, and is larger and medially oriented?

128
Q

What is the think and sticklike bone that is lateral to the tibia?

129
Q

True or False: Both the tibia and the fibula form the kneejoint.

A

FALSE. The fibula has no role in forming the knee joint.

130
Q

What are the three types of bones in the foot?

A

Tarsals (ankle), metatarsals, and phalanges

131
Q

How many tarsal bones are in each foot?

132
Q

What are the two largest tarsal bones?

A

Calcaneus and talus

133
Q

The calcaneus is also known as the…?

134
Q

How many metatarsal bones form the sole of each foot?

135
Q

How many phalanges are in the foot?

A

14 per foot

136
Q

They are articulation where two or more bones meet.

137
Q

What are the functions of joints?

A

Hold bones together and allow for mobility

138
Q

What are the two ways joints are classified?

A

Functionally and structurally

139
Q

What are the three functional classifications of joints?

A

Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses

140
Q

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

A

Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints

141
Q

They are immovable joints.

A

Synarthroses and fibrous joints

142
Q

They are slightly movable joints.

A

Amphiarthroses and cartilaginous joints

143
Q

They are freely movable joints.

A

Diarthroses and synovial joints

144
Q

What are the three types of tissues that make up the joints?

A

Fibrous connective tissues with collagen (for strength), three types of cartilage (for flexibility) and fibrocartilage (to absorb compressive shock)

145
Q

They are joints united by fibrous tissue.

A

Fibrous joints

146
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures (skull), syndesmoses (end of fibula and tibia), and gomphosis

147
Q

These type of joints are connected by fibrocartilage.

A

Cartilaginous joints

148
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchrondrosis and symphysis (pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints)

149
Q

They are articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity.

A

Synovial joints

150
Q

What fluid is found in the synovial joints?

A

Synovial joints

151
Q

What are the 4 distinguishing features of the synovial joints?

A

Articular cartilage
Articular capsule
Joint cavity
Reinforcing ligaments

152
Q

They are flattened fibrous sacs found in the synovial joints.

153
Q

True or False: The bursae are part of the synovial joint.

A

FALSE. Bursae are not actually part of the synovial joint.

154
Q

Bursae are lined with what type of membrane?

A

Synovial membrane

155
Q

They are elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon.

A

Tendon sheath

156
Q

What are the six types of synovial joints based on shape?

A

Plane joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condylar joint
Saddle joint
Ball-and-socket joint

157
Q

Inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction.

158
Q

Inflammation of tendon sheaths

A

Tendonitis

159
Q

Inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints

160
Q

The most widespread crippling disease in the United States.

161
Q

It is the most common chronic arthritis related to normal aging.

A

Osteoporosis

162
Q

An autoimmune disease—the immune system attacks the joints

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

163
Q

True or False: rheumatoid arthritis often leads to deformities.

164
Q

Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid crystals from the blood.

A

Gouty arthritis

165
Q

True or False: Gouty arthritis is more common in women.

A

FALSE. It is more common in men.

166
Q

True or False: Growth of cranium after birth is related to brain growth, while increase in size of the facial skeleton follows tooth development and enlargement of the respiratory
passageways.

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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