Skeletal System Flashcards
Name the bones at the knee
Patella , femur , tibia and fibula
Name the bones at the elbow
Ulna , radius and humerus
Name the bones at the ankle
Tarsals , tibia and fibula
Name the bones at the shoulder
Clavicle , scapula and humerus
Name the bones at the hip
Pelvis and femur
Name the bones at the wrist
Carpals , radius and ulna
What is the axial skeleton?
Main core of the body:
- Vertebral column
- Ribs
- Sternum
- Cranium
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Apendage of the axial skeleton
- Upper limbs
- Lower limbs
- Shoulder girdle (clavicle , scapula and humerus)
- Pelvic girdle (ilium , ischium and pubis)
Functions of the skeleton
- Shape
- Support
- Movement
- Protection
- Mineral storage
- Blood cell production
Shape?
Determined by the skeletal framework
Support?
Bones support the weight of the body
Protection
Bones protect vital organs e.g. cranium protects the brain and the ribs protect the heart
Movement?
Skeleton is jointed to allow movement e.g. femur moves the leg
Blood cell production?
Red and white blood cells are produced in the marrow of long bones e.g. femur
Mineral storage?
Bones store minerals such as phosphorus and calcium which are involved in nerve transmission and metabolism
Name the types of bones
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Sesamoid
- Irregular
What are long bones?
Longer than they are wide and act as levers to create movement as well as produce blood cells e.g. femur , humerus and tibia
What are short bones?
As long as they are wide and are used for weight bearing as well as acting as shock absorbers e.g. tarsals and carpals
What are flat bones?
They are wide and flat , they allow muscles attachment and protect vital organs e.g. cranium protects the brain
What are irregular bones?
Bones that have a complex and unusual shape. They function to protect and support as well as allow muscle attachment and movement e.g. lumbar , thoracic and cervical
What are sesamoid bones?
Held within a tendon and help reduce friction between a joint e.g. patella
Classification of joints
Fixed/fused = no movement possible e.g. cranium and pelvis
Synovial/freely moveable = e.g. hinge and ball and socket joints (their shape determines the range of movement)
Cartilaginous/slightly moveable = e.g. adjacent vertebrae
What is a joint?
It’s where 2 or more bones meet
Name the types of synovial joints?
- Hinge
- Ball and socket
- Pivot
- Condyloid
- Saddle
- Gliding
Details about hinge joints
Allow flexion , extension and plantar/dorsi flexion
e.g. elbow , knee and ankle
Details about ball and socket joint
Allow flexion , extension , abduction/adduction , circumduction and rotation
e.g. hip and shoulder
Details about pivot joint
Found at the neck and radio-ulnar and allows rotation
Details about condyloid joint
Allow flexion , extension , abduction/adduction and circumduction
e.g. wrist
Details about saddle joint
flexion , extension , abduction/adduction and circumduction
e.g. thumb
Details about gliding joint
Limited movement in all directions
e.g. processes of the vertebrae , hands: between the carpals and feet: between the tarsals
Articular/Hyaline cartilage
Covers the ends of bones , reducing friction and acting as a shock absorber
Ligaments
Attach bone to bone preventing dislocation and stabilising the joint
Bursae
Fluid filled sac that reduces friction
Pads of fat
Act as friction reducers
Synovial fluid
Reduces friction by lubrication
Synovial membrane
Contains synovial fluid which reduced friction by lubrication
Joint capsule
Encloses the joint and stabilises it
Meniscus
Cartilage that cushions the joint preventing friction
What is the function of synovial joints?
Stability and Mobility
Name the types of joint movements
- Flexion/Extension
- Plantar/Dorsi flexion
- Adduction/Abduction
- Horizontal adduction/abduction
- Supination/Pronation
- Lateral flexion
- Circumduction
- Medial/Lateral rotation
What is flexion?
Decreasing the angle at a joint e.g. upwards phase of a bicep
What is extension?
Increasing the angle at a joint e.g. throwing a ball
What is lateral flexion?
Bending the spine to the side e.g. bowling in cricket
What is abduction?
Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body e.g. upwards phase of a star jump at the shoulder
What is adduction?
Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body
e.g. swimming breastsroke
What is horizontal abduction?
Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane e.g. backhand in tennis
What is horizontal adduction?
Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body in the transverse plane e.g. dumbbell chest fly
What is medial rotation?
Rotating a limb inwards about its longitudinal axis e.g. swimming
What is lateral rotation
Rotating a limb outwards about its longitudinal axis e.g. movement at the hip to perform a side footed pass in football
What is circumduction?
Movement of a limb in a circular motion e.g. over arm tennis serve
What is pronation?
Rotating the radio ulnar joint so the palm faces down e.g. to produce a ball spin in tennis
What is supination?
Rotating the radio ulnar joint so the palm faces up e.g. a goalkeeper throwing a football under arm
What is dorsi flexion?
Decreasing the angle at the joint so the foot moves towards the shin e.g. running
What is plantar flexion?
Increasing the angle at the joint so the toes point downwards e.g. ballet
Functions of the vertebral column
- Protects the spinal cord
- Allows movement
- Muscle attachment of ribs protects vitals organs
- Gives good posture
- S-shape of spine given greater strength
Cervical vertebrae
- 7 bones
- Pivot joint at neck
- E.g. heading a ball in football
- Top 2 vertebraes are atlas and axis
Thoracic vertebrae
- 12 bones
- Each vertebrae is attached to ribs
- Limited movement
- Bigger than the cervical
Lumbar vertebrae
- 5 bones
- Largest vertebrae
- More movement than thoracic
- Supports the weight of the upper body
Sacrum vertebrae
- 5 bones
- Attaches the upper body to the lower body
- Attached to pelvis
- Fixed/Fused joint
- No movement possible
Coccyx
- 4 bones
- Remains of the tail bone
- Fixed/Fused joint
- No movement possible
Vertebral column movements
- Flexion e.g. curling the spine to do a somersault in gymnastics
- Extension e.g. straightening the spine to jump to head the ball in football
- Lateral flexion e.g. cartwheel in gymnastics
What is scoliosis?
Curving of the spine
What is lordosis?
Excessive lumbar curve
What is kyphosis?
Excess thoracic curve
Warm up effects
- Warmer ligaments
- Increased synovial fluid
- Decreased synovial fluid viscosity
- Increased speed of nerve transmission
Cool down effects
- Reduced doms
- Quicker removal of lactic acid
- Gradually reduced heart rate , breathing rate and body temp
Short term effects
- Increased synovial fluid
- Increased pliability of ligaments
Long term effects (positive)
- More durable/stronger bones as increased bone density so more calcium which decreases the risk of fractures
- Stronger joints as increased strength of ligaments which will prevent dislocation
- Prevents osetoporosis which is weakening bone density
- Decreased risk of arthritis as exercise thickens cartilage which increases synovial fluid and reduces friction so the joint can act as a better shock absorber
- Improved posture as increased strength of core muscles reduces the risk of postural problems such as scoliosis
- Helps manage weight as it prevents a sedentary lifestyle
Long term effect (negative)
- Negative can be minimised by using correct technique , not overtraining and applying progressive overload
- Overuse injuries e.g. stress fractures
- Poor technique can lead to posture problems such as scoliosis
- Impact injuries e.g. tearing ACL or dislocating patella which can lead to repeat injuries
- Increased risk of arthritis as poor technique can cause wear and tear of cartilage which Increases friction and decreases synovial fluid and bone spurs form
