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OCR level 3 technical in sport and physical activity > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the bones at the knee

A

Patella , femur , tibia and fibula

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2
Q

Name the bones at the elbow

A

Ulna , radius and humerus

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3
Q

Name the bones at the ankle

A

Tarsals , tibia and fibula

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4
Q

Name the bones at the shoulder

A

Clavicle , scapula and humerus

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5
Q

Name the bones at the hip

A

Pelvis and femur

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6
Q

Name the bones at the wrist

A

Carpals , radius and ulna

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7
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Main core of the body:
- Vertebral column
- Ribs
- Sternum
- Cranium

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8
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Apendage of the axial skeleton
- Upper limbs
- Lower limbs
- Shoulder girdle (clavicle , scapula and humerus)
- Pelvic girdle (ilium , ischium and pubis)

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9
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A
  • Shape
  • Support
  • Movement
  • Protection
  • Mineral storage
  • Blood cell production
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10
Q

Shape?

A

Determined by the skeletal framework

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11
Q

Support?

A

Bones support the weight of the body

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12
Q

Protection

A

Bones protect vital organs e.g. cranium protects the brain and the ribs protect the heart

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13
Q

Movement?

A

Skeleton is jointed to allow movement e.g. femur moves the leg

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14
Q

Blood cell production?

A

Red and white blood cells are produced in the marrow of long bones e.g. femur

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15
Q

Mineral storage?

A

Bones store minerals such as phosphorus and calcium which are involved in nerve transmission and metabolism

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16
Q

Name the types of bones

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Sesamoid
  • Irregular
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17
Q

What are long bones?

A

Longer than they are wide and act as levers to create movement as well as produce blood cells e.g. femur , humerus and tibia

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18
Q

What are short bones?

A

As long as they are wide and are used for weight bearing as well as acting as shock absorbers e.g. tarsals and carpals

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19
Q

What are flat bones?

A

They are wide and flat , they allow muscles attachment and protect vital organs e.g. cranium protects the brain

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20
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Bones that have a complex and unusual shape. They function to protect and support as well as allow muscle attachment and movement e.g. lumbar , thoracic and cervical

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21
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Held within a tendon and help reduce friction between a joint e.g. patella

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22
Q

Classification of joints

A

Fixed/fused = no movement possible e.g. cranium and pelvis
Synovial/freely moveable = e.g. hinge and ball and socket joints (their shape determines the range of movement)
Cartilaginous/slightly moveable = e.g. adjacent vertebrae

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23
Q

What is a joint?

A

It’s where 2 or more bones meet

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24
Q

Name the types of synovial joints?

A
  • Hinge
  • Ball and socket
  • Pivot
  • Condyloid
  • Saddle
  • Gliding
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25
Details about hinge joints
Allow flexion , extension and plantar/dorsi flexion e.g. elbow , knee and ankle
26
Details about ball and socket joint
Allow flexion , extension , abduction/adduction , circumduction and rotation e.g. hip and shoulder
27
Details about pivot joint
Found at the neck and radio-ulnar and allows rotation
28
Details about condyloid joint
Allow flexion , extension , abduction/adduction and circumduction e.g. wrist
29
Details about saddle joint
flexion , extension , abduction/adduction and circumduction e.g. thumb
30
Details about gliding joint
Limited movement in all directions e.g. processes of the vertebrae , hands: between the carpals and feet: between the tarsals
31
Articular/Hyaline cartilage
Covers the ends of bones , reducing friction and acting as a shock absorber
32
Ligaments
Attach bone to bone preventing dislocation and stabilising the joint
33
Bursae
Fluid filled sac that reduces friction
34
Pads of fat
Act as friction reducers
35
Synovial fluid
Reduces friction by lubrication
36
Synovial membrane
Contains synovial fluid which reduced friction by lubrication
37
Joint capsule
Encloses the joint and stabilises it
38
Meniscus
Cartilage that cushions the joint preventing friction
39
What is the function of synovial joints?
Stability and Mobility
40
Name the types of joint movements
- Flexion/Extension - Plantar/Dorsi flexion - Adduction/Abduction - Horizontal adduction/abduction - Supination/Pronation - Lateral flexion - Circumduction - Medial/Lateral rotation
41
What is flexion?
Decreasing the angle at a joint e.g. upwards phase of a bicep
42
What is extension?
Increasing the angle at a joint e.g. throwing a ball
43
What is lateral flexion?
Bending the spine to the side e.g. bowling in cricket
44
What is abduction?
Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body e.g. upwards phase of a star jump at the shoulder
45
What is adduction?
Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body e.g. swimming breastsroke
46
What is horizontal abduction?
Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane e.g. backhand in tennis
47
What is horizontal adduction?
Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body in the transverse plane e.g. dumbbell chest fly
48
What is medial rotation?
Rotating a limb inwards about its longitudinal axis e.g. swimming
49
What is lateral rotation
Rotating a limb outwards about its longitudinal axis e.g. movement at the hip to perform a side footed pass in football
50
What is circumduction?
Movement of a limb in a circular motion e.g. over arm tennis serve
51
What is pronation?
Rotating the radio ulnar joint so the palm faces down e.g. to produce a ball spin in tennis
52
What is supination?
Rotating the radio ulnar joint so the palm faces up e.g. a goalkeeper throwing a football under arm
53
What is dorsi flexion?
Decreasing the angle at the joint so the foot moves towards the shin e.g. running
54
What is plantar flexion?
Increasing the angle at the joint so the toes point downwards e.g. ballet
55
Functions of the vertebral column
- Protects the spinal cord - Allows movement - Muscle attachment of ribs protects vitals organs - Gives good posture - S-shape of spine given greater strength
56
Cervical vertebrae
- 7 bones - Pivot joint at neck - E.g. heading a ball in football - Top 2 vertebraes are atlas and axis
57
Thoracic vertebrae
- 12 bones - Each vertebrae is attached to ribs - Limited movement - Bigger than the cervical
58
Lumbar vertebrae
- 5 bones - Largest vertebrae - More movement than thoracic - Supports the weight of the upper body
59
Sacrum vertebrae
- 5 bones - Attaches the upper body to the lower body - Attached to pelvis - Fixed/Fused joint - No movement possible
60
Coccyx
- 4 bones - Remains of the tail bone - Fixed/Fused joint - No movement possible
61
Vertebral column movements
- Flexion e.g. curling the spine to do a somersault in gymnastics - Extension e.g. straightening the spine to jump to head the ball in football - Lateral flexion e.g. cartwheel in gymnastics
62
What is scoliosis?
Curving of the spine
63
What is lordosis?
Excessive lumbar curve
64
What is kyphosis?
Excess thoracic curve
65
Warm up effects
- Warmer ligaments - Increased synovial fluid - Decreased synovial fluid viscosity - Increased speed of nerve transmission
66
Cool down effects
- Reduced doms - Quicker removal of lactic acid - Gradually reduced heart rate , breathing rate and body temp
67
Short term effects
- Increased synovial fluid - Increased pliability of ligaments
68
Long term effects (positive)
- More durable/stronger bones as increased bone density so more calcium which decreases the risk of fractures - Stronger joints as increased strength of ligaments which will prevent dislocation - Prevents osetoporosis which is weakening bone density - Decreased risk of arthritis as exercise thickens cartilage which increases synovial fluid and reduces friction so the joint can act as a better shock absorber - Improved posture as increased strength of core muscles reduces the risk of postural problems such as scoliosis - Helps manage weight as it prevents a sedentary lifestyle
69
Long term effect (negative)
- Negative can be minimised by using correct technique , not overtraining and applying progressive overload - Overuse injuries e.g. stress fractures - Poor technique can lead to posture problems such as scoliosis - Impact injuries e.g. tearing ACL or dislocating patella which can lead to repeat injuries - Increased risk of arthritis as poor technique can cause wear and tear of cartilage which Increases friction and decreases synovial fluid and bone spurs form

OCR level 3 technical in sport and physical activity (5 decks)

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