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OCR level 3 technical in sport and physical activity > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the flow of blood in the Right side

A

Deoxygenated blood enters the vena cava then the right atrium past the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle past the semi-lunar pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. The blood is then oxygenated during gaseous exchange. This is the pulmonary circuit

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2
Q

Explain the flow of blood in the Left side

A

Oxygenated blood enters the pulmonary vein then the left atrium past the bicupsid valve into the left ventricle past the semi-lunar aortic valve into the aorta to the body. This is the systemic circuit

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3
Q

Details about the Tricuspid valve

A

Prevents back flow of blood into the right atrium

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4
Q

Details about the Vena cava

A

Transports deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

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5
Q

Details about the Pulmonary artery

A

Transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to become oxygenated during gaseous exchange

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6
Q

Details about the Semi-lunar pulmonary valve

A

Prevents back flow of blood into the right ventricle

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7
Q

Details about the Semi-lunar aortic valve

A

Prevents back flow of blood into the left ventricle

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8
Q

Details about the Pulmonary vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to the left atrium

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9
Q

Details about the Right ventricle

A

Contracts to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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10
Q

Details about the Aorta

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

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11
Q

Details about the Left atrium

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein

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12
Q

Details about the Left ventricle

A

Contract to pump oxygenated blood into the aorta

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13
Q

Details about the Bicuspid valve

A

Prevents back flow of blood into the left atrium

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14
Q

Details about the Right atrium

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from vena cava

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15
Q

What is Cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped out the heart per minute

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16
Q

What is the resting value for Cardiac output?

A

4000-6000ml or 4-6l

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17
Q

Formula for Cardiac output

A

Stroke volume x Heart rate

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18
Q

What is Stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out the left ventricle per beat

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19
Q

What is the resting value for Stroke volume?

A

60-80ml per beat

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20
Q

Explain why the Stroke volume of a trained athlete is different to an untrained individual

A

Trained athlete has…
- Stronger cardiac muscle
- Improved venous return
- More blood in the left ventricle
- Increased elasticity of ventricles
- Increased ejection fraction

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21
Q

What is Heart rate?

A

The amount of times the heart beats per minute

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22
Q

What is the resting value for Heart rate?

A

60-80 beats per minute

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23
Q

Formula for max Heart rate

A

220 - age

24
Q

Explain why an untrained individual has a higher resting Heart rate

A
  • Weaker cardiac muscle
  • Less hypertrophy
  • Lower venous return
  • Lower stroke volume
25
Q

What is Stroke volume dependant on?

A

Venous return as increasing stroke volume increases venous return

26
Q

What can help Venous return?

A

Pocket valves in veins = prevent the back flow of blood
Vein placement = muscle squeezes on veins
Increased blood flow back to heart = faster removal of waste products

27
Q

Changes to Heart rate during exercise

A

Before - anticipatory rise due to release of adrenaline
During - increases as demand for more oxygen
During - oxygen demand meets supply
After - removal of waste products

28
Q

Structure of Veins

A
  • Large lumen
  • Thin muscular walls
  • Thin tunica media
  • Contains valves
29
Q

Function of Veins

A

Carries blood at the lowest pressure and contains pocket valves to assist the blood flow. They carry blood back into the heart.

30
Q

Structure of Arteries

A
  • Thick muscular walls
  • Thick tunica media
  • Small lumen
31
Q

Function of Arteries

A

Carries blood at the highest pressure away from the heart. Their walls extend and recoil to withstand the pressure.

32
Q

Structure of Capillaries

A
  • 1 cell thick = short diffusion distance
  • Tunica intima only
  • Very small lumen
  • Single layer of cells
  • No muscular walls
33
Q

Function of Capillaries

A

Blood pressure here is low so diffusion can take place enabling oxygen , carbon dioxide and nutrients to pass into cells

34
Q

Details about Pocket valves

A
  • Formed from tunica intima
  • Prevents back flow of blood
  • As blood moves through the veins the valve opens and as blood flow slows or stops the valve then closes until the flow increases again
35
Q

Details about Respiratory pump

A
  • Breathing helps to increase the flow of blood back to the heart
  • Breathing in causes pressure inside your thoracic cavity to decrease and pressure inside your abdominal cavity to increases as the diaphragm contracts
36
Q

Details about Vein placement

A
  • Located in muscles or between muscle and bone
  • As the muscle contracts it squeezes the vein so is a good way of returning venous blood back to the heart
37
Q

Function of Arterioles

A

Connects arteries to capillaries and have muscular walls to help carry blood away from the heart

38
Q

Details about Veinules

A

Connects capillaries to viens and are smaller versions of veins without valves. They receive blood from capillaries at low pressure

39
Q

What is Blood?

A

The body’s mean of transporting substances around the body

40
Q

What does Blood transport?

A
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Oxygen
  • Materials like hormones
  • Nutrients and minerals
  • Waste products
41
Q

What are the 4 components of blood?

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Plasma
  • Platelets
42
Q

Details about White blood cells

A
  • Fight infections
  • Bigger than red blood cells
  • Large nuclei
  • Produced in bone marrow
  • Stored in the blood
  • Acts as body’s defence system
  • Identify , destroy and remove pathogens
  • Produce antibodies to fight the infection
43
Q

Details about Plasma

A
  • Liquid that transports blood cells and nutrients
  • Blood cells and platelets are suspended in plasma
  • Plasma consists of 90% water, inorganic salts, glucose, antibodies, urea and other waste products and plasma proteins
44
Q

Details about Red blood cells

A
  • Transport oxygen around
  • Disc shapes so large surface area
  • Produced in the marrow
  • Oxygen is carried by a protien called haemoglobin which is a red coloured compound
  • Also carries carbon dioxide out of the body
  • Haemoglobin can also bind with oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin
45
Q

Details about Platelets

A
  • Aid in blood clotting
  • Prevent blood loss by repairing tissue and closing wounds
  • Formed in red bone marrow
  • Yellow
  • Can grow into irregular shapes and stick together to form a plug over wounds
  • Produce thrombokinase which is needed for the clotting process
46
Q

Structure of Arterioles

A
  • Thick walls
  • Large diameter
  • Tunica media has elastic fibres and smooth muscle
  • Smooth muscle contracts to reduce size of lumen (vasoconstriction) and relaxes to increase its width (vasodilation)
47
Q

What do Arterioles do during exercise?

A

Vasodilate to the working muscles and vasoconstrict to non essential organs such as the gut

48
Q

Role of Pre capillary sphincters

A

Regulate the flow of blood into the capillaries
- Dilate to the working muscles
- Constrict to non essential organs e.g. gut

49
Q

What is the Vascular shunt mechanism?

A

The redistribution of blood during exercise
- Arterioles vasodilate to the working muscles and vasoconstrict to non essential organs such as the gut
- Pre capillary sphincters dilate to the working muscles and constrict to non essential organs e.g. gut

50
Q

Explain Vasoconstriction and what it results in

A

The diameter of the blood vessel narrows which reduces the blood flow resulting in an increase in temp as heat loss is prevented

51
Q

Explain Vasodilation and what it results in

A

The diameter of the blood vessel near the skin widens which increases the blood flow resulting in a decrease in temp as heat is carried to the skins surface

52
Q

Short term effects

A
  • Increases cardiac output
  • Increases stroke volume
  • Increases heart rate
  • Increases blood temp
  • Increases blood pressure
  • Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation of arterioles
53
Q

Effects of a cool down

A
  • Keeps capillaries dilated
  • Quicker removal of lactic acid
  • Increases venous return which prevents blood pooling
  • Gradually reduces HR , BR and BP
54
Q

Effects of a warm up

A
  • Increases cardiac output
  • Increases stroke volume
  • Increases heart rate
  • Increased blood flow to muscles so more oxygenated blood
  • Activates VSM
  • Increases venous return
55
Q

Long term effects (positive and negative)

A

Positive
Stronger heart
• Myocardial hypertrophy
• Thicker left ventricle walls
• More blood can be pumped to working muscles during exercise
• Increased stroke volume
• Increased cardiac output
Lower resting heart rate
• Bradycardia
• Lower working heart rate
• Faster HR recovery after exercise
Increased capillarisation
• More oxygen to muscles/tissues
• Increased gaseous exchange
• More efficient vascular shunt mechanism
• Improved vasodilation/vasoconstriction
Increased number of red blood cells
• More haemoglobin
• Increased haematocrit levels
• More oxygen can be transported to muscles
• Reduced blood viscosity
• Increase in plasma levels
• More white blood cells so less illness
Lowers blood pressure
• Reduced risk of high blood pressure
• Systolic/diastolic pressure lower
• Reduced cholesterol
• (Cholesterol/plaque) lines walls of blood vessels reducing blood flow
• Prevent hardening of artery walls
Reduced risk of cardiovascular disease
• Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
• Heart attack/myocardial infarction
• Angina / strokes

Negative
Too much exercise can put increased strain on heart
• Cardiac hypertrophy can be dangerous
• Heart attack
• Arrhythmia
• Sudden cardiac death
• Often linked to genetic factors
Exercise at higher temperatures can cause thickening of blood
• Increased blood viscosity
• Increasing blood pressure
• Due to dehydration
lifting heavy weights causes greatest strain on heart
• Causes highest blood pressure readings
• Ruptured blood vessels
Importance of health screening before starting exercise programme
• Medical check-up
• Regular ECG/
• Principles of training correctly applied

OCR level 3 technical in sport and physical activity (5 decks)

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