Muscular System Flashcards
Name the muscles at the shoulder
Deltoid , trapezius , latissimus dorsi , teres major and pectoralis major
Name the muscles at the elbow
Tricep brachii and bicep brachii
Name the muscles at the radio-ulnar
Pronator teres and supinator muscle
Name the muscles at the wrist
Wrist flexors and extensors
Name the muscles at the vertebral column
Erector spinae group , internal and external obliques and rectus abdominus
Name the muscles at the hip
Iliopsoas , gluteus maximus , gluteus minimus , gluteus medius , adductor longus , adductor brevis and adductor magnus
Name the muscles at the knee
Rectus femoris , bicep femoris , vastus medialis , vastus lateralis , vastus intermedius , semimembranosus and semitendinosus
Name the muscles at the ankle
Gastrocnemius , soleus and tibialis anterior
What is an agonist?
Muscle that contracts and is known as the prime mover
What is an antagonist?
Muscle that relaxes and stops/slows the movement
What is a fixator?
Muscle that prevents any unwanted movement by stabilising the origin so the agonist can achieve effective contraction
What is a synergist?
Muscle that enable the agonist to operate more efficiently and control the movement by altering the direction of the pull on the agonist to the most advantageous position
What is the origin?
Muscle contracts and the end remains stationery
What is the insertion?
Muscle contracts and moves
What is meant by isometric?
Muscle contracts and doesn’t change length e.g. rectus abdominus during plank position
What is meant by concentric?
Muscle contracts and shortens e.g. bicep brachii during upwards phase of bicep curl
What is meant by eccentric?
Muscle contracts and lengthens e.g. bicep brachii during downwards phase of bicep curl
Name the types of muscle fibres
Slow oxidative (type 1)
Fast oxidative glycolytic (type 2a)
Fast glycolytic (type 2b)
Name the types of muscles
- Cardiac muscle e.g. the walls of the myocardium and are involuntary and don’t fatigue
- Smooth muscle e.g. veins and arteries and are involuntary
- Skeletal muscle e..g triceps and biceps and fatigue and are voluntary
What are voluntary muscles controlled by?
- Impulses that are sent to the brain
- Skeletal muscles contract which pull on bones to create movement
What are involuntary muscles controlled by?
Cardiac muscle
- autonomous system
Smooth muscle
- nervous system
Details about slow oxidative fibres
- Small in size
- Contract slowly
- Low force of contraction
- High capillary density
- Many mitochondria
- High aerobic capacity
- Low in phosphocreatine
- High resistance to fatigue
These fibres aren’t good for explosive events but they’re suitable for endurance events such as marathons or triathalons
Details about fast oxidative glycolytic fibres
- Large in size
- Contract fast
- High force of contraction
- High capillary density
- Some mitochondria
- Moderate aerobic capacity
- High in phosphocreatine
- Moderate resistance to fatigue
These fibres are suitable for HIT game event such as basketball , a tennis rally or 400m sprint
Details about fast glycolytic fibres
- Large in size
- Contract fast
- High force of contraction
- Low capillary density
- Low in mitochondria
- Low aerobic capacity
- High in phosphocreatine
- Low resistance to fatigue
These fibres are suitable for explosive events which require a short burst of energy e.g. jumping , throwing and sprinting (not good for endurance events)
The amount of muscle fibres is determined by?
Genetics , normally people have a mix of all 3 but elite athlete have a high percentage of 1 particular fibre
What muscle fibres would a games player need?
Football:
- Slow oxidative to last the full 90 mins
- Fast oxidative glycolytic for prolonged and repeated sprint e.g. periods of attacking and defending
- Fast glycolytic to make a big tackle
Many capillaries means?
Good supply of oxygenated blood
Many mitochondria means?
Many places for aerobic energy to be produced
Many oxidative enzymes means?
Improved ability to work aerobically
High myoglobin means?
Muscles can receive more oxygen from the blood
High triglyceride means?
A greater store of aerobic energy
Low phosphocreatine means?
Limited ability to work anaerobically
Short term effects (positive and negative)
- More oxygen is sent to the working muscles
- Increase in muscle temp
- Increase muscle pliability
- Depleted energy stores
- Depleted ATP stores
- Muscle pain
- Fatigue
- Lactic acid build up
Long term effects (positive)
- Hyperthrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Increased tendon strength
- Increased capillarisation
- Increase in myoglobin
- Increase in glycogen
- Increase in size of mitochondria
- Increase in metabolism of triglycerides
Long term effects (negative)
- Minimise by not over training , applying progressive overload and using the correct technique
- Overuse injuries e.g. MCL sprain
Effects of a cool down
- Keeps capillaries dilated
- Quicker removal of lactic acid
- Reduces DOMS
- Increases elasticity
- More oxygen is sent to the working muscles
- Prevents blood pooling in muscles
Effects of a warm up
- Increases speed of nerve impulses
- Reduced DOMS
- Increased enzyme activity
- Increased speed of contractions
- More flexible muscles
- Increase in muscle temp
- More oxygen to muscles
- Increased elasticity of muscles reduces risk of strains
