Skeletal System Flashcards
Epiphyseal Plate
growth plate of a bone
Canaliculi
little channels that connect lacunae
Lamellae
- in compact bone
the rings of the bone matrix within an osteon
Volkmann’s Canal
horizontal canals between osteons containing a blood vessel and a nerve
Osteon
structural unit of compact bone
Trabeculae
supporting bundles of bony fibers in spongy bone
Osteocytes
spider-shaped cells that extend through the canaliculi (in the lacunae)
- they detect pressures on the bone and involve bone remodeling
Axial skeleton
skull, spinal column (including the coccyx), ribcage, and hyoid bone
-the hyoid bone is the weird floating one on your neck
Osteoblasts
- make new bone matrix
- located on the surface of the bone
- aging decreases number of them
- some osteoblasts turn into osteocytes
osteogenesis
formation of bone (overall noun)
ossification
the process of bone formation (active noun)
Shapes of bones
long, flat, sesamoid, irregular, short, sutural
Appendicular skeletal
limb bones and pelvis
intramembranous ossification
production of flat bones
Calcium
- assists in blood clotting
- assists in muscle contraction
- regulates heart rhythm
- assists in nerve function
Exercises beneficial for bone strength
- cardio
- weight lifting
Why is the left hand used for bone-aging tests?
Because most people are right-handed making them more likely to have damaged their dominant hand.
closed fracture
broken bone with no open wound
open fracture
broken bone with open wound
spiral fracture
complete fracture cause by excessive twisting
causes of fractures
overuse, trauma, disease
functions of the skeletal system
- support
- protection
- movement
- blood cell production
- storage of lipids
components of skeletal system
- bones
- cartilage
- tendons
- ligaments
tendon
connects muscle to bone
ligament
connects bone to bone
Diaphysis
shaft of long bone
epiphysis
end of long bone
articular cartilage
covers the ends of bones in synovial joints to assist in movement
Periosteum
superficial membrane layer of bone that serves as the attachment place for tendons and ligaments
endosteum
membranous lining of the medullary cavity of the bone
medullary cavity
cavity within the bone shaft (diaphysis) that is filled with yellow bone marrow
components of the bone matrix
- collagen fibers
- calcium salts
- bone cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts)
what create/maintain bone matrix
osteoblasts produce the matrix
osteocytes maintain the matrix
osteoclasts dissolve the matrix
Blast + Cyte = Clast
Lacunae
small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
Haversian (central) canal
inside an osteon
- runs lengthwise containing blood vessels and nerves
compact bone
dense layers on bone tissue underneath the periosteum
spongy (cancellous) bone
layer on bone tissue with many cavities
osteoclast
large cells that break down and resorb the bone matrix
resorption
the process of recollecting old bone tissue
osteoporosis
a condition in which bones become fragile/weak
Calcitonin (CT)
- inhibits the breakdown of bone
- decreases the blood-calcium levels
- produced by the thyroid
parathyroid hormone
- increases the blood-calcium levels
endochondral ossification
- transforming cartilage into bone
- most bones are formed this way
effects of anabolic steroids
- increases the process of bone resorption
- fluctuate the body’s ability to absorb calcium
effects of menopause
- faster bone resorption
- slower bone growth
Vitamin D
helps absorb calcium
skulls can determine
sex and relative age
under 35: not closed sutural bones
over 35: closed sutural bones
male: large eyebrow ridge, large mastoid/jaw
female: smooth frontal bone, small mastoid
incomplete fracture
not completely broken
complete fracture
broken all the way through
bowing fracture
incomplete; bends after excessive compression bending
greenstick fracture
incomplete in children; the bone is bent and slightly broken
buckle fracture
incomplete; the cortex breaks from compressive force
stress (hairline) fracture
incomplete; overuse
transverse fracture
complete; straight across the bone
comminuted fracture
complete; crushes/splintered
oblique fracture
complete; fracture at an angle
Salter-Harris fracture
fracture of the growth (epiphyseal) plate in children
treatment for fractures
- realignment
- immobilization
peak bone mass
maximum bone density; usually achieved in young adulthood
