Skeletal System

Question 1

Epiphyseal Plate

Answer 1

growth plate of a bone

Question 2

Canaliculi

Answer 2

little channels that connect lacunae

Question 3

Lamellae

Answer 3

• in compact bone
  the rings of the bone matrix within an osteon

Question 4

Volkmann’s Canal

Answer 4

horizontal canals between osteons containing a blood vessel and a nerve

Question 5

Osteon

Answer 5

structural unit of compact bone

Question 6

Trabeculae

Answer 6

supporting bundles of bony fibers in spongy bone

Question 7

Osteocytes

Answer 7

spider-shaped cells that extend through the canaliculi (in the lacunae)
- they detect pressures on the bone and involve bone remodeling

Question 8

Axial skeleton

Answer 8

skull, spinal column (including the coccyx), ribcage, and hyoid bone

-the hyoid bone is the weird floating one on your neck

Question 9

Osteoblasts

Answer 9

• make new bone matrix
• located on the surface of the bone
• aging decreases number of them
• some osteoblasts turn into osteocytes

Question 10

osteogenesis

Answer 10

formation of bone (overall noun)

Question 11

ossification

Answer 11

the process of bone formation (active noun)

Question 12

Shapes of bones

Answer 12

long, flat, sesamoid, irregular, short, sutural

Question 13

Appendicular skeletal

Answer 13

limb bones and pelvis

Question 14

intramembranous ossification

Answer 14

production of flat bones

Question 15

Calcium

Answer 15

• assists in blood clotting
• assists in muscle contraction
• regulates heart rhythm
• assists in nerve function

Question 16

Exercises beneficial for bone strength

Answer 16

• cardio
• weight lifting

Question 17

Why is the left hand used for bone-aging tests?

Answer 17

Because most people are right-handed making them more likely to have damaged their dominant hand.

Question 18

closed fracture

Answer 18

broken bone with no open wound

Question 19

open fracture

Answer 19

broken bone with open wound

Question 20

spiral fracture

Answer 20

complete fracture cause by excessive twisting

Question 21

causes of fractures

Answer 21

overuse, trauma, disease

Question 22

functions of the skeletal system

Answer 22

• support
• protection
• movement
• blood cell production
• storage of lipids

Question 23

components of skeletal system

Answer 23

• bones
• cartilage
• tendons
• ligaments

Question 24

tendon

Answer 24

connects muscle to bone

Question 25

ligament

Answer 25

connects bone to bone

Question 26

Diaphysis

Answer 26

shaft of long bone

Question 27

epiphysis

Answer 27

end of long bone

Question 28

articular cartilage

Answer 28

covers the ends of bones in synovial joints to assist in movement

Question 29

Periosteum

Answer 29

superficial membrane layer of bone that serves as the attachment place for tendons and ligaments

Question 30

endosteum

Answer 30

membranous lining of the medullary cavity of the bone

Question 31

medullary cavity

Answer 31

cavity within the bone shaft (diaphysis) that is filled with yellow bone marrow

Question 32

components of the bone matrix

Answer 32

- collagen fibers - calcium salts - bone cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts)

Question 33

what create/maintain bone matrix

Answer 33

osteoblasts produce the matrix osteocytes maintain the matrix osteoclasts dissolve the matrix Blast + Cyte = Clast

Question 34

Lacunae

Answer 34

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

Question 35

Haversian (central) canal

Answer 35

inside an osteon - runs lengthwise containing blood vessels and nerves

Question 36

compact bone

Answer 36

dense layers on bone tissue underneath the periosteum

Question 37

spongy (cancellous) bone

Answer 37

layer on bone tissue with many cavities

Question 38

osteoclast

Answer 38

large cells that break down and resorb the bone matrix

Question 39

resorption

Answer 39

the process of recollecting old bone tissue

Question 40

osteoporosis

Answer 40

a condition in which bones become fragile/weak

Question 41

Calcitonin (CT)

Answer 41

- inhibits the breakdown of bone - decreases the blood-calcium levels - produced by the thyroid

Question 42

parathyroid hormone

Answer 42

- increases the blood-calcium levels

Question 43

endochondral ossification

Answer 43

- transforming cartilage into bone - most bones are formed this way

Question 44

effects of anabolic steroids

Answer 44

- increases the process of bone resorption - fluctuate the body's ability to absorb calcium

Question 45

effects of menopause

Answer 45

- faster bone resorption - slower bone growth

Question 46

Vitamin D

Answer 46

helps absorb calcium

Question 47

skulls can determine

Answer 47

sex and relative age under 35: not closed sutural bones over 35: closed sutural bones male: large eyebrow ridge, large mastoid/jaw female: smooth frontal bone, small mastoid

Question 48

incomplete fracture

Answer 48

not completely broken

Question 49

complete fracture

Answer 49

broken all the way through

Question 50

bowing fracture

Answer 50

incomplete; bends after excessive compression bending

Question 51

greenstick fracture

Answer 51

incomplete in children; the bone is bent and slightly broken

Question 52

buckle fracture

Answer 52

incomplete; the cortex breaks from compressive force

Question 53

stress (hairline) fracture

Answer 53

incomplete; overuse

Question 54

transverse fracture

Answer 54

complete; straight across the bone

Question 55

comminuted fracture

Answer 55

complete; crushes/splintered

Question 56

oblique fracture

Answer 56

complete; fracture at an angle

Question 57

Salter-Harris fracture

Answer 57

fracture of the growth (epiphyseal) plate in children

Question 58

treatment for fractures

Answer 58

- realignment - immobilization

Question 59

peak bone mass

Answer 59

maximum bone density; usually achieved in young adulthood