Skeletal system

Question 1

Identify and define the 3 different classifications of joints

Answer 1

Fibrous - fixed, immovable e.g cranium, pelvis, sacrum

Cartilaginous - slightly moveable e.g vertebral column, joints between the ribs and sternum

Synovial - freely moveable e.g ball and socket, hinge, pivot, gliding, saddle and condyloid

Question 2

What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?

Answer 2

Protection, Shape, Support, Blood cell production, Mineral storage, Muscle attachment and movement

Question 3

Explain ‘protection’ as a function of the skeleton

Answer 3

Some parts of the body are delicate and can be damaged easily. The skeleton protects these vital organs by providing a shield around them. E.g the cranium protects the brain

Question 4

Explain ‘Shape’ as a function of the skeleton

Answer 4

The skeleton acts a framework for the body. The shape of the bones allows an individual to be suitable to specific sports. E.g tall frame is beneficial for basketball

Question 5

Explain ‘support’ as a function of the skeleton

Answer 5

The skeleton helps hold the body’s vital organs and muscles in place. Without this, these organs would flop onto the floor. E.g the rib cage supports the lungs

Question 6

Explain ‘Blood cell production’ as a function of the skeleton

Answer 6

The larger bones contain bone marrow, which is where red and white blood cells and platelets are formed.

Question 7

Explain ‘mineral storage’ as a function of the skeleton

Answer 7

Bones provide storage sites for calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium. These can be used by the body when needed. For instance, sodium to prevent dehydration. Other benefits are: healthy skin

Question 8

Explain ‘muscle attachment & movement’ as a function of the skeleton.

Answer 8

The bones of the skeleton give the muscles something to attach to. Muscles attach at the tuberosity and process via the tendons. Muscles work by contracting and pulling on the bones to create movement.

Question 9

What are the main ligaments in the knee and what is there function?

Answer 9

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) - controls forward movement of the tibia

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) - controls backwards movement of the tibia

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) - gives stability to the inner knee

Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) - gives stability to the outer knee

Question 10

Describe the process of Ossification

Answer 10

During exercise, bones are put under stress - minor fractures occur

Unnecessary calcium is removed in the via osteoclasts which clear the cavity

Osteoblast activity increases and they build the bone

Bone calcium stores increase to cope with demand for calcium reducing risk of osteoporosis

Osteocytes form from osteoblasts and make up majority of the mature bone matter

Question 11

What are the 5 regions of the spine and how many vertebrae does each region have

Answer 11

Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccyx - 4

Question 12

What is the role of the Bursa

Answer 12

Small fluid filled sac providing a cushion between the tendons of the muscles and the bones, preventing friction filled with synovial fluid

Question 13

What is the role of the Articular cartilage

Answer 13

Provide a smooth, slippery covering to stop friction

Question 14

What is the role of the Ligament

Answer 14

Attaches bone to bone and supports the joint

Question 15

What is the role of the Synovial membrane

Answer 15

Capsule lining that releases synovial fluid

Question 16

What is the role of the Synovial fluid

Answer 16

Lubricates the joint and reduces friction, provides nutrients to articular cartilage

Question 17

What is the role of the Joint capsule

Answer 17

Hold bones in place and protect the joint

Question 18

What is bone marrow?

Answer 18

Sponge like tissue that is the location of blood cell production (where all new cells are made)

Question 19

What is compact bone?

Answer 19

Very dense bone tissue that surrounds the bone

Question 20

What is the periosteum

Answer 20

Tough connective tissues that surrounds all over bone features

Question 21

What is articular cartilage

Answer 21

Tissue that covers the end of long bones, acting as a lubricant to reduce friction at the joint

Question 22

What is the growth plate and what does it turn into?

Answer 22

In adolescents, at the end of the long bone there is a growth plate. As the bone grows and the person reaches adult hood they form into epiphyseal plates which fuse with the diaphysis to form the epiphyseal line

Question 23

What is the cancellous bone

Answer 23

Sponge like bone tissue found in the epiphysis

Question 24

What is the fossae

Answer 24

A dip or depression in a bone surface

Question 25

What is the notch

Answer 25

A ‘V’ shaped depression on the surface of a bone

Question 26

What is the tuberosity

Answer 26

The site for muscle attachment to bones, tuberosities are raised lumps on the bone (going along the bone)

Question 27

What are the condyles

Answer 27

Rounded protrusion of a bone normally found at the end where it joins another bone to form a joint

Question 28

What is the process

Answer 28

Prominent raised area of bone that connects muscle tissue

Question 29

Give 3 characteristics of kyphosis

Answer 29

Forward rounding of the upper back
Kyphosis curve of 50°+
Hunch back look

Question 30

Give 3 characteristics of Lordosis

Answer 30

When posture exaggerates this spinal curve it can cause hyperlordosis or swayback

Spine curves inwards at the lower back and neck area - causes back pain and discomfort

Causes shoulders to sit back

Question 31

Give 3 characteristics of scoliosis

Answer 31

Can develop from degenerative disc disease

Constant back pain / leg pain

May have trouble standing

Question 32

What movement occurs at pivot joints and where are they found?

Answer 32

Only allows rotation and are found at the cervical vertabrae

Question 33

What movement occurs at a gliding joint and where are they found

Answer 33

Small movement in all directions

Hands and feet

Question 34

What movement occurs at a hinge joint and where are they found

Answer 34

One direction back and forth

Found at the elbow and knee

Question 35

What movement occurs at a saddle joint and where are they found

Answer 35

Side to side and back and forth

Thumb

Question 36

What movement occurs at a ball and socket joint and where are they found

Answer 36

Allows the most movement in all directions

Hip and shoulder

Question 37

What movement occurs at a condyloid joint and where are they found

Answer 37

Similar to gliding joint but more movement

Carpals and tarsals

Question 38

What is the function of the ACL

Answer 38

Anterior Cruciate Ligament - controls forward movement of the tibia

Question 39

What is the function of the PCL

Answer 39

Posterior Cruciate Ligament - Controls backwards movement of the tibia

Question 40

What is the function of the MCL

Answer 40

Medial Collateral Ligament - Gives stability to the inner knee

Question 41

What is the function of the LCL

Answer 41

Lateral Collateral Ligament - Gives stability to the outer knee

Question 42

What is the process of bone growth

Answer 42

The growth plate (made out of cartilage) found in the epiphysis.

The growth plate continually produces new cartilage and the new cartilage is pushed outwards lengthening the bone.

The mature cartilage is pushed inwards and is removed by osteoclasts.

When the bone reaches its full length, the growth plate fuses with the diaphysis forming the epiphyseal line.