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Functional Anatomy > Skeletal system > Flashcards

Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Identify and define the 3 different classifications of joints

A

Fibrous - fixed, immovable e.g cranium, pelvis, sacrum

Cartilaginous - slightly moveable e.g vertebral column, joints between the ribs and sternum

Synovial - freely moveable e.g ball and socket, hinge, pivot, gliding, saddle and condyloid

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2
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?

A

Protection, Shape, Support, Blood cell production, Mineral storage, Muscle attachment and movement

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3
Q

Explain ‘protection’ as a function of the skeleton

A

Some parts of the body are delicate and can be damaged easily. The skeleton protects these vital organs by providing a shield around them. E.g the cranium protects the brain

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4
Q

Explain ‘Shape’ as a function of the skeleton

A

The skeleton acts a framework for the body. The shape of the bones allows an individual to be suitable to specific sports. E.g tall frame is beneficial for basketball

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5
Q

Explain ‘support’ as a function of the skeleton

A

The skeleton helps hold the body’s vital organs and muscles in place. Without this, these organs would flop onto the floor. E.g the rib cage supports the lungs

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6
Q

Explain ‘Blood cell production’ as a function of the skeleton

A

The larger bones contain bone marrow, which is where red and white blood cells and platelets are formed.

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7
Q

Explain ‘mineral storage’ as a function of the skeleton

A

Bones provide storage sites for calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium. These can be used by the body when needed. For instance, sodium to prevent dehydration. Other benefits are: healthy skin

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8
Q

Explain ‘muscle attachment & movement’ as a function of the skeleton.

A

The bones of the skeleton give the muscles something to attach to. Muscles attach at the tuberosity and process via the tendons. Muscles work by contracting and pulling on the bones to create movement.

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9
Q

What are the main ligaments in the knee and what is there function?

A

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) - controls forward movement of the tibia

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) - controls backwards movement of the tibia

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) - gives stability to the inner knee

Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) - gives stability to the outer knee

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10
Q

Describe the process of Ossification

A

During exercise, bones are put under stress - minor fractures occur

Unnecessary calcium is removed in the via osteoclasts which clear the cavity

Osteoblast activity increases and they build the bone

Bone calcium stores increase to cope with demand for calcium reducing risk of osteoporosis

Osteocytes form from osteoblasts and make up majority of the mature bone matter

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11
Q

What are the 5 regions of the spine and how many vertebrae does each region have

A

Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccyx - 4

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12
Q

What is the role of the Bursa

A

Small fluid filled sac providing a cushion between the tendons of the muscles and the bones, preventing friction filled with synovial fluid

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13
Q

What is the role of the Articular cartilage

A

Provide a smooth, slippery covering to stop friction

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14
Q

What is the role of the Ligament

A

Attaches bone to bone and supports the joint

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15
Q

What is the role of the Synovial membrane

A

Capsule lining that releases synovial fluid

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16
Q

What is the role of the Synovial fluid

A

Lubricates the joint and reduces friction, provides nutrients to articular cartilage

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17
Q

What is the role of the Joint capsule

A

Hold bones in place and protect the joint

18
Q

What is bone marrow?

A

Sponge like tissue that is the location of blood cell production (where all new cells are made)

19
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Very dense bone tissue that surrounds the bone

20
Q

What is the periosteum

A

Tough connective tissues that surrounds all over bone features

21
Q

What is articular cartilage

A

Tissue that covers the end of long bones, acting as a lubricant to reduce friction at the joint

22
Q

What is the growth plate and what does it turn into?

A

In adolescents, at the end of the long bone there is a growth plate. As the bone grows and the person reaches adult hood they form into epiphyseal plates which fuse with the diaphysis to form the epiphyseal line

23
Q

What is the cancellous bone

A

Sponge like bone tissue found in the epiphysis

24
Q

What is the fossae

A

A dip or depression in a bone surface

25
Q

What is the notch

A

A ‘V’ shaped depression on the surface of a bone

26
Q

What is the tuberosity

A

The site for muscle attachment to bones, tuberosities are raised lumps on the bone (going along the bone)

27
Q

What are the condyles

A

Rounded protrusion of a bone normally found at the end where it joins another bone to form a joint

28
Q

What is the process

A

Prominent raised area of bone that connects muscle tissue

29
Q

Give 3 characteristics of kyphosis

A

Forward rounding of the upper back
Kyphosis curve of 50°+
Hunch back look

30
Q

Give 3 characteristics of Lordosis

A

When posture exaggerates this spinal curve it can cause hyperlordosis or swayback

Spine curves inwards at the lower back and neck area - causes back pain and discomfort

Causes shoulders to sit back

31
Q

Give 3 characteristics of scoliosis

A

Can develop from degenerative disc disease

Constant back pain / leg pain

May have trouble standing

32
Q

What movement occurs at pivot joints and where are they found?

A

Only allows rotation and are found at the cervical vertabrae

33
Q

What movement occurs at a gliding joint and where are they found

A

Small movement in all directions

Hands and feet

34
Q

What movement occurs at a hinge joint and where are they found

A

One direction back and forth

Found at the elbow and knee

35
Q

What movement occurs at a saddle joint and where are they found

A

Side to side and back and forth

Thumb

36
Q

What movement occurs at a ball and socket joint and where are they found

A

Allows the most movement in all directions

Hip and shoulder

37
Q

What movement occurs at a condyloid joint and where are they found

A

Similar to gliding joint but more movement

Carpals and tarsals

38
Q

What is the function of the ACL

A

Anterior Cruciate Ligament - controls forward movement of the tibia

39
Q

What is the function of the PCL

A

Posterior Cruciate Ligament - Controls backwards movement of the tibia

40
Q

What is the function of the MCL

A

Medial Collateral Ligament - Gives stability to the inner knee

41
Q

What is the function of the LCL

A

Lateral Collateral Ligament - Gives stability to the outer knee

42
Q

What is the process of bone growth

A

The growth plate (made out of cartilage) found in the epiphysis.

The growth plate continually produces new cartilage and the new cartilage is pushed outwards lengthening the bone.

The mature cartilage is pushed inwards and is removed by osteoclasts.

When the bone reaches its full length, the growth plate fuses with the diaphysis forming the epiphyseal line.

Functional Anatomy (6 decks)

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