Skeletal system Flashcards
Identify and define the 3 different classifications of joints
Fibrous - fixed, immovable e.g cranium, pelvis, sacrum
Cartilaginous - slightly moveable e.g vertebral column, joints between the ribs and sternum
Synovial - freely moveable e.g ball and socket, hinge, pivot, gliding, saddle and condyloid
What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?
Protection, Shape, Support, Blood cell production, Mineral storage, Muscle attachment and movement
Explain ‘protection’ as a function of the skeleton
Some parts of the body are delicate and can be damaged easily. The skeleton protects these vital organs by providing a shield around them. E.g the cranium protects the brain
Explain ‘Shape’ as a function of the skeleton
The skeleton acts a framework for the body. The shape of the bones allows an individual to be suitable to specific sports. E.g tall frame is beneficial for basketball
Explain ‘support’ as a function of the skeleton
The skeleton helps hold the body’s vital organs and muscles in place. Without this, these organs would flop onto the floor. E.g the rib cage supports the lungs
Explain ‘Blood cell production’ as a function of the skeleton
The larger bones contain bone marrow, which is where red and white blood cells and platelets are formed.
Explain ‘mineral storage’ as a function of the skeleton
Bones provide storage sites for calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium. These can be used by the body when needed. For instance, sodium to prevent dehydration. Other benefits are: healthy skin
Explain ‘muscle attachment & movement’ as a function of the skeleton.
The bones of the skeleton give the muscles something to attach to. Muscles attach at the tuberosity and process via the tendons. Muscles work by contracting and pulling on the bones to create movement.
What are the main ligaments in the knee and what is there function?
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) - controls forward movement of the tibia
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) - controls backwards movement of the tibia
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) - gives stability to the inner knee
Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) - gives stability to the outer knee
Describe the process of Ossification
During exercise, bones are put under stress - minor fractures occur
Unnecessary calcium is removed in the via osteoclasts which clear the cavity
Osteoblast activity increases and they build the bone
Bone calcium stores increase to cope with demand for calcium reducing risk of osteoporosis
Osteocytes form from osteoblasts and make up majority of the mature bone matter
What are the 5 regions of the spine and how many vertebrae does each region have
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccyx - 4
What is the role of the Bursa
Small fluid filled sac providing a cushion between the tendons of the muscles and the bones, preventing friction filled with synovial fluid
What is the role of the Articular cartilage
Provide a smooth, slippery covering to stop friction
What is the role of the Ligament
Attaches bone to bone and supports the joint
What is the role of the Synovial membrane
Capsule lining that releases synovial fluid
What is the role of the Synovial fluid
Lubricates the joint and reduces friction, provides nutrients to articular cartilage
What is the role of the Joint capsule
Hold bones in place and protect the joint
What is bone marrow?
Sponge like tissue that is the location of blood cell production (where all new cells are made)
What is compact bone?
Very dense bone tissue that surrounds the bone
What is the periosteum
Tough connective tissues that surrounds all over bone features
What is articular cartilage
Tissue that covers the end of long bones, acting as a lubricant to reduce friction at the joint
What is the growth plate and what does it turn into?
In adolescents, at the end of the long bone there is a growth plate. As the bone grows and the person reaches adult hood they form into epiphyseal plates which fuse with the diaphysis to form the epiphyseal line
What is the cancellous bone
Sponge like bone tissue found in the epiphysis
What is the fossae
A dip or depression in a bone surface
What is the notch
A ‘V’ shaped depression on the surface of a bone
What is the tuberosity
The site for muscle attachment to bones, tuberosities are raised lumps on the bone (going along the bone)
What are the condyles
Rounded protrusion of a bone normally found at the end where it joins another bone to form a joint
What is the process
Prominent raised area of bone that connects muscle tissue
Give 3 characteristics of kyphosis
Forward rounding of the upper back
Kyphosis curve of 50°+
Hunch back look
Give 3 characteristics of Lordosis
When posture exaggerates this spinal curve it can cause hyperlordosis or swayback
Spine curves inwards at the lower back and neck area - causes back pain and discomfort
Causes shoulders to sit back
Give 3 characteristics of scoliosis
Can develop from degenerative disc disease
Constant back pain / leg pain
May have trouble standing
What movement occurs at pivot joints and where are they found?
Only allows rotation and are found at the cervical vertabrae
What movement occurs at a gliding joint and where are they found
Small movement in all directions
Hands and feet
What movement occurs at a hinge joint and where are they found
One direction back and forth
Found at the elbow and knee
What movement occurs at a saddle joint and where are they found
Side to side and back and forth
Thumb
What movement occurs at a ball and socket joint and where are they found
Allows the most movement in all directions
Hip and shoulder
What movement occurs at a condyloid joint and where are they found
Similar to gliding joint but more movement
Carpals and tarsals
What is the function of the ACL
Anterior Cruciate Ligament - controls forward movement of the tibia
What is the function of the PCL
Posterior Cruciate Ligament - Controls backwards movement of the tibia
What is the function of the MCL
Medial Collateral Ligament - Gives stability to the inner knee
What is the function of the LCL
Lateral Collateral Ligament - Gives stability to the outer knee
What is the process of bone growth
The growth plate (made out of cartilage) found in the epiphysis.
The growth plate continually produces new cartilage and the new cartilage is pushed outwards lengthening the bone.
The mature cartilage is pushed inwards and is removed by osteoclasts.
When the bone reaches its full length, the growth plate fuses with the diaphysis forming the epiphyseal line.
