Skeletal System

Question 1

Axial Skeleton definition plus function

Answer 1

The bones that make up the central core of the skeleton and protect the organs which lie within it.

Question 2

Appendicular Skeleton definition plus function

Answer 2

The bones outside of the central core which make up the limbs and allows movement of the human body.

Question 3

All bones in the Axial Skeleton (9 bones)

Answer 3

Cranium, Sternum, Ribs, Vertebral column, Cervical Vertebrae, Thoracic Vertebrae, Lumbar Vertebrae, Sacrum and Coccyx

Question 4

All bones in the Upper Appendicular Skeleton (8 bones)

Answer 4

Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals and Phalanges

Question 5

All bones in the Lower Appendicular Skeleton (11 bones)

Answer 5

Pelvis, Ilium, Ischium, Pubis, Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Talus, Tarsals, Metatarsals

Question 6

What are the functions of the Skeleton plus short definition? (6)

Answer 6

Shape- bones define our height, face etc
Support- supports our organs with something for them to attach to
Protection- covers our vital organs like our brain, lungs etc
Movement- bones can move with attachment points
Blood Cell Production- inside bone marrow red and white blood cells are made
Mineral Storage- calcium and phosphorous are stored within the bones

Question 7

What are the Types of Bones plus short definition? (5)

Answer 7

Long-bones longer than they are wide
Short- bones that are short and almost cubic
Flat- bones flatter than they are wide
Irregular- bones that don’t fit into any other category
Sesamoid- smooth bones found in joints for tendons to slide over

Question 8

The three types of Joints?

Answer 8

Fixed/Fused Joints- allow no movement such as the cranium
Slightly Moveable/ Cartilaginous Joints- moves only with cartilage such as the vertebrae
Freely Moveable/ Synovial Joint- allow a greater range of movement depending on the type of synovial joint

Question 9

Each type of Synovial Joint and where they are found (6)

Answer 9

Ball and Socket Joint- Shoulder and Hip
Condyloid Joint- Wrist and Toes/ Fingers
Saddle Joint- Thumb
Hinge Joint- Elbow, Knee and Ankle
Pivot Joint- Neck
Gliding- Carpals, Tarsals and Lower vertebrae

Question 10

Description of Articular Cartilage (Synovial Joint)

Answer 10

covers the end of bones to reduce fiction as the bones move across each other

Question 11

Description of Ligament (Synovial Joint)

Answer 11

holds two ends of bones together and stabilises the bones whilst moving

Question 12

Description of Synovial Membrane (synovial Joint)

Answer 12

a layer around the synovial joint that produces and contains synovial fluid within it

Question 13

Description of Synovial Fluid (Synovial Joint)

Answer 13

thick white fluid that reduces friction in a joint

Question 14

Description of Menisci (synovial Joint)

Answer 14

pads of tissue that lie in between articular cartilage and in synovial fluid, acting as shock absorbers

Question 15

Description of Pads of Fat (Synovial Joint)

Answer 15

friction reducers in the knee, sitting below the patella and in the ends of femur and tibia

Question 16

Description of Bursae (Synovial Joint)

Answer 16

small sacks filled with fluid located where skin, ligament or bones could cause friction

Question 17

Description of Joint Capsules (Synovial Joint)

Answer 17

Protective layers around a joint

Question 18

Flexion (Description)

Answer 18

The bones are brought closer together and the angle of the joint decreases

Question 19

Extension (Description)

Answer 19

The bones are moved apart and the angle of the joint increases

Question 20

Lateral Flexion (Description)

Answer 20

The spine bending side to side

Question 21

Abduction (Description)

Answer 21

Movement away from the midline of the body

Question 22

Adduction (Description)

Answer 22

Movement towards the midline of the body

Question 23

Horizontal Abduction/Flexion (Description)

Answer 23

Horizontal movement towards the midline of the body specifically at the ball and socket joints

Question 24

Horizontal Adduction/Extension (Description)

Answer 24

Horizontal movement away from the midline of the body specifically at the ball and socket joints

Question 25

Medial Rotation (Description)

Answer 25

Specifically at ball and socket joints, the rotation of the joint towards the midline of the body

Question 26

Lateral Rotation (Description)

Answer 26

Specifically at ball and socket joints, the rotation of the joint away from the midline of the body

Question 27

Circumduction (Description)

Answer 27

Combination of Flexion, Extension, Abduction and Adduction

Question 28

Pronation (Description)

Answer 28

Turning of the palm downwards specifically at the Radioulnar Joints

Question 29

Supination (Description)

Answer 29

Turning of the palm upwards specifically at the Radioulnar Joints

Question 30

Dorsiflexion (Description)

Answer 30

Pointing of the toes upwards specifically at the Ankle Joints

Question 31

Plantarflexion (Description)

Answer 31

Pointing of the toes downwards specifically at the Ankle Joints

Question 32

The Short term effects of exercise on the skeletal system (3)

Answer 32

• increased production of synovial fluid within joints
• increased range of movement
• high impact activities can increase risk of injury to joints

Question 33

The Long term effects of exercise on the skeletal system (4)

Answer 33

• improved bone density
• increase ligament strength in the joints
• reduce risk of Osteoporosis
• repetitive physical activity can cause stress fractures in bones

Question 34

What type of joint/s are the cervical vertebraes?

Answer 34

Synovial (Gliding and Pivot)

Question 35

What type of joint/s are the Thoracic vertebraes?

Answer 35

Cartilaginous

Question 36

What type of joint/s are the Lumbar vertebraes?

Answer 36

Cartilaginous

Question 37

What type of joint/s are the sacrum and coccyx?

Answer 37

Fused joints