skeletal system

Question 1

3 functions of cartilage

Answer 1

• support soft tissues
• provide a smooth, gliding surface for bone articulations
• enable the development and growth of long bones

Question 2

3 types of cartilage

Answer 2

• hyaline: most common, matrix contains moderate amount of collagen fibers
• elastic: matrix contains collagen fibers along with a large number of elastic fibers
• fibrocartilage: matrix contains limited number of cells and ground substance amidst a
  substantial amount of collagen fibers

Question 3

5 functions of bones

Answer 3

• supportive structures for the body
• protectors of vital organs
• reservoirs of calcium and phosphorus
• levers on which muscles act to produce movement
• containers for blood-producing cells

Question 4

two types of bone

Answer 4

• compact (trabecular)

- spongy (cancellous)

Question 5

5 types of bones

Answer 5

• long bones (tubular)
• short bones (cuboidal)
• flat bones
• irregular bones
• sesamoid bones (round or oval bones that develop in tendons)
  (also accesory bones)

Question 6

periosteum

Answer 6

covers all bones externally, has the unique capability of forming new bone

Question 7

2 types of ossification (how bones are develloped)

Answer 7

• intramembranous ossification (mesenchymal models of bones undergo ossification)
• endochondral ossification (cartilaginous models of bones form from mesenchyme and
  undergo ossification)

Question 8

2 types of joints

Answer 8

• synovial joints (the skeletal elements are separated by a cavity)
• solid joints (ther is no cavity and the components are held together by connective
  tissue)

Question 9

3 characteristic features of synovial joints

Answer 9

• a layer of (hyaline) cartilage covers the articulating surfaces of the skeletal elements
• the presence of a joint capsule consisting of an inner synovial membrane and an outer
  fibrous membrane
• (not universal) presence of additional structures within the area enclosed by the capsule or synovial membrane (articular discs, fat pads, tendons)

Question 10

bursae

Answer 10

closed sacs of synovial membrane outside the joints.
intervene between structures (tendons and bone, tendons and joints, skin and bone).
reduce friction of one structure moving over the other

Question 11

tendon sheats

Answer 11

closed sacs of synovial membrane, surrounding tendons and also reducing friction

Question 12

3 functions of articular discs

Answer 12

• absorb compression forces
• adjust to changes in the contours of joint surfaces during movements
• increase the range of movements that can occur at joints

Question 13

fat pads

Answer 13

usually occur between the synovial membrane and the capsule and move into and out of regions as joint contours change during movement.

Question 14

7 types of synovial joints based on the sape of their articular surfaces

Answer 14

• plane (flat)
• hinge
• pivot
• bicondylar (two sets of contact points)
• condylar (ellipsoid)
• saddle
• ball and socket

Question 15

3 types of synovial joints based on movement

Answer 15

• uniaxial (movement in 1 plane)
• biaxial (movement in 2 planes)
• multiaxial (movement in 3 planes)

Question 16

plane joints

Answer 16

allow sliding or gliding movement when one bone moves across the surface of another

Question 17

hinge joints

Answer 17

allow movement around one axis that passes transversely through the joint, permit flexion and extension

Question 18

pivot joints

Answer 18

allow movement around one axis that passes longitudinally along the shaft of the bone, permit rotation

Question 19

bicondylar joints

Answer 19

allow movement mostly in one axis with limited rotation around a second axis; formed by two convex condyles that articulate with concave or flat surfaces

Question 20

condylar joints (ellipsoid)

Answer 20

allow movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other; permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and cirumduction

Question 21

saddle joints

Answer 21

allow movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other; the articular surfaces are saddle shaped; permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction

Question 22

ball and socket joints

Answer 22

allow movement around multiple axes; permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation

Question 23

solid joints

Answer 23

connections between skeletal elements where the adjacent surfaces are linked together either by fibrous connective tissue oor by (fibro)carilage.
Movement at these joints are more restricted than at synovial joints

Question 24

3 types of fibrous joints

Answer 24

• sutures
• gomphoses
• syndesmoses

Question 25

sutures

Answer 25

fibrous joints that occur only in the skull where adjacent bones are linked by a thin layer of connective tissue termed a ‘sutural ligament’

Question 26

gomphoses

Answer 26

occur between the teeth and adjacent bone

Question 27

syndesmoses

Answer 27

joints in which two adjacent bones are linked by a ligament

Question 28

2 types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 28

• synchondroses

- symphyses

Question 29

synchondrosis (with hyaline cartilage)

Answer 29

type of cartilaginous solid joints, occur here two ossification centers in a developing bone remain seperated by a layer of cartilage

Question 30

symphyses (with fibrocartilage)

Answer 30

type of carilaginous solid joints, occur where two separate bones are interconnected by cartilage.