Skeletal System Flashcards
Four major functions of the skeletal system
Support, protection, movement, storage.
Functional for bearing strong weight and is the major supporting tissue of the body.
Rigid strong bones
A flexible connective tissue - not as rigid as bone, but stiffer than muscle tissue
Cartilage
These are elastic bonds that holds and attach bones together.
Ligaments
It connects muscles to bones and is significant for providing movement of the body.
Tendons
Minerals that are usually stored within the bone.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Another term for blood cell production
Hematopoiesis
A unique interior of the bone that is responsible for the production of red blood cells that are secreted throughout the body.
Bone marrow
Enumerate and describe the two types of bone marrow.
- Yellow marrow - consists of adipose tissue
2. Red marrow - consists of blood-forming cell and the site for RBC production.
The study of bone structure and treatment of bone disorder.
Osteology
The formation of the bone by osteoblast.
Osteogenesis (bone ossification)
A bone formation that occurs within connective tissue membrane.
Intramembranous ossification
On what type of bone does intramembranous ossification is present?
Formation of flat bones of the skull, mandibles, and clavicles
A bone formation that occurs inside the hyaline cartilages.
Endochondral ossification
True or False
Few area within the skeletal system requires the process of endochondral ossification in terms of bone formation.
False. All bones except for the flat bones, mandibles, and clavicles.
Arrange in order the process and identify which type of ossification it is.
- Accumulating osteoid laid down between embryonic blood vessels, which form a random network that is a network of trabeculae. Vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external face of the woven bone and becomes the periosteum.
- Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane
- Bone collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears.
- An ossification appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane.
4, 2, 1, 3
Intramembranous Ossification
Arrange in order and identify the type of ossification.
- Ossification of the epiphyses; when complete, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.
- Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation.
- Formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model.
- Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage within the cartilage model.
- Formation of the medullary cavity as ossification continues; appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses.
3, 4, 2, 5, 1
Endochondral Ossification
It refers to mid-section (shaft) of a long bone
Diaphysis
The expanded end of a long bone.
Epiphysis.
It refers to the translucent cartilage found in joint surfaces; are soft tissues in comparison to bones
Hyaline cartilages
The cell responsible for absorption of bone and remodelling.
Osteoclast
It refers to the formation of new bone on the surface of existing bone; responsible of the increase in width of long bones.
Appositional growth
It refers to to the process by which growing cartilage is systematically replaced by bone to form the growing skeleton.
Endochondral growth
Enumerate the three consecutive phases of bone remodeling.
Resorption, Reversal, and Formation
It consists if the removal of old bone by osteoclast.
Resorption
The phase where mononuclear cells appear on the bone surface.
Reversal
It consist of when osteoblasts lay down new bone until the resorbed bone is completely replaced.
Formation
Arrange in order the process of bone repair
- Osteoblasts enter the callus and form cancellous bone.
- The callus forms, the zone of tissue repair between the two bone fragments
- The cancellous bone is slowly remodeled to form compact bone and the repair is complete
- Clot formed in a damaged area.
4, 2, 1, 3
Calcium homeostasis is maintained by?
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
The term literally means “without cartilage formation”.
Achondroplasia
True or False
Achondroplasia is a disorder that come from forming of cartilages which causes a dwarfism or being short-limbed.
False. The problem is not in forming cartilage but in converting it to bone.
Ostogenesis Imperfecta is also known as?
Brittle bone disease
A genetic disorder that results from lack of protein collagen producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
A disease that softens and weaken bones among children usually due to vitamin D deficiency. It can also cause bowing of legs and pelvis deformation.
Rickets
It is usually caused by insufficient calcium in the diet and can affect both children and adults.
Osteomalacia
The bacteria that holds infection causing the development of Osteomyelitis.
Staphyloccocus
A disease in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit, making bones very weak and brittle over the years.
Osteoporosis
Lateral curvature of the central part of the spine.
Scoliosis`
It refers to the break in a bone
Fractures
It refer to as “joint inflammation” which can affect one or several joints
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis is also known as?
The “wear and tear” arthritis
A degenerative joint disease in which the cartilage that covers th.e ends of the bones in the joint deteriorates
Osteoarthritis
An active inflammatory autoimmune disease affecting the synovial membrane
Rheumatoid arthritis
A disease incorporated with an inborn error of uric acid metabolism
Gouty Arthritis
An acute or chronic inflammation of the bursa
Bursitis
A small sac filled with fluid and located at friction points
Bursa
The only cells that are found in a healthy cartilages
Chondrocytes
The site where the bone first appear in the center part of diaphysis
Primary ossification center
Enumerate the stages of bone repair
Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling
It refer to as the physical connection between two bones.
Joint or articulation
The science that deals with the study of joints.
Arthrology
True or False
Joint classification are based on its function.
True
Enumerate and describe joint classification based on degree of motion1
- Synarthrosis - immovable joint
- Amphiarthrosis - slightly mobile joint
- Diarthrosis - freely movable joint
Bones that are unified through fibrous connective tissue and allow little or no movement.
Fibrous joints
The fibrous joints between the bones of the skull and are immovable due to interlocking junctions between the bones and short connective fibers.
Sutures
Fibrous joints where the bones are separated by some distance and are held together by ligaments
Syndesmoses
Consist of pegs fitted into sockets and held in place by ligaments.
Gomphoses
Two bones unified through cartilages.
Cartilaginous joints
Bones that are attached together by the hyaline cartilage
Synchondrosis
Bones joined together by fibrocartilage
Symphysis
They are commonly referred to as the freely movable joint, though flexibility vary.
Synovial joints
Consists of two opposed flat surfaces that glide over each other.
Plane joints
Consists of two saddle-shaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to one another
Saddle joints
Consists of a convex cylinder of one bone applied to a corresponding concavity of the other bone.
Hinge joints
Consists of rounded end of one bone fitting into a ring formed by the other bone that restrict movement to rotation around a single axis
Pivot Joints
Consists of a ball at the end of one bone and a socket in an adjacent bone into which a portion of the ball fits
Ball and socket joint
A modified ball and socket joint in which the joint surfaces are elongated
Ellipsoid or Condyloid
A dense connective tissue that covers most of the outer surface of the bone.
Periosteum
It is mostly solid matrix and cell
Compact bone
It consists of lazy network of bone with many small, marrow-filled spaces
Spongy bone
Term for the hole in a bone
Foramen
An elongated hole or tunnel-like passage
Canal/Meatus
A rounded projection on a bone
Tubercle/ Tuberosity
A sharp projection from a bone
Process
The smooth rounded end of a bone where it forms a joint
Condyle
Number of bones in a skull
22
It is the central axis of the skeleton
Vertebral column
A vertebrae with very small bodies
Cervical vertebrae
Possess long, thin spinous process that are directed inferiorly
Thoracic vertebrae
Have large, thick bodies and heavy, rectangular transverse and spinous processes
Lumbar
Sacral are fused into a single bone called?
Sacrum
Designated number for each region of vertebral column
Cervical 7 Thoracic 12 Lumbar 5 Sacral 1 Coccyx 1
It protects the vital organs within the thorax and prevents the collapse of thorax during respiration
Rib cage
Ribs that are attached directly to the sternum by coastal cartilages
True ribs (1-7)
Ribs that do not attach directly at the sternum
False ribs (8-10)
Ribs that do not attach at all
Floating ribs (11 &12)
Also known as shoulder girdle
Pectoral girdle
A flat triangular bone with three large fossae where muscles extending to the arm attached
Scapula (shoulder blade)
The term for the breastbone
Sternum
Three parts of the sternum
Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
Also known as collarbone which articulates with the scapula at the acromion process
Clavicle
Directional terms of ulna and radius
Ulna- medial side of forearm
Radius - lateral side
Each fingers consist of three small bones called?
Phalanges
A relatively short region between the forearm and the hand
Wrist
The place where the lower limb attach to the girdle
Pelvic girdle
The three bones of the pelvis that is fused to a single bone (with directional terms)
Ilium - superior
Pubis - Inferior anterior
Ischium - inferior posterior
The region between the hip and the knee
Thigh
Also known as the kneecap
Patella
The region between knee and ankle
Leg
A bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint
Flexion
A straightening movement that increase the angle of the joint
Extension
The extension of a joint beyond 180 degrees
Hyperextension
Movement of the foot towards the plantar surface
plantar flexion
