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Anaphy and Physiology > Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

True or False

All cells have nucleus; some have more, some lose theirs as they mature.

A

True

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2
Q

A large organelle located near the center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

Number of pair of chromosomes a nuclei of human cells contain

A

23

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4
Q

Chromosomes that are loosely coiled

A

Chromatin

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5
Q

It is described as diffused bodies with no surrounding membrane that are found within the nucleus.

A

Nucleoli

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6
Q

The organelle where protein are produced.

A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

True or False

Cells allow some substances to pass in or out of them, meaning they are selectively-permeable

A

True

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8
Q

The outermost component of a cell that encloses the cytoplasm and forms the boundary between material inside and outside the cell.

A

Cell membrane

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9
Q

The two major substances a cell membrane is composed of:

A

Phospholipids and proteins

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10
Q

The difference in the concentration of a solute in a solvent between two points divided by the distance between the two points.

A

Concentration gradient

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11
Q

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

A

Osmosis

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12
Q

A solution that has a lower concentration of solute and higher concentration of water

A

Hypotonic

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13
Q

What happens when a cell is immersed in a isotonic solution?

A

The concentration of both solute and water are balanced so the cell neither shrink or rupture.

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14
Q

A higher concentration of solute and lower concentration of water related to the cytoplasm of the cell.

A

Hypertonic

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15
Q

A transport of molecules that does not require the assistance of membrane proteins.

A

Simple diffusion

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16
Q

A transport process that moves substances from regions of lower concentration to higher concentrations against a concentration gradient

A

Active transport

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17
Q

A genetic disease that affects the active transport of Cl- into cells

A

Cystic fibrosis

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18
Q

A form of active transport in which a cell envelopes extracellular material using its cell fluid

A

Endocytosis

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19
Q

Differentiate phagocytosis and pinocytosis

A

Phagocytosis - cell -eating

Pinocytosis - cell -drinking

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20
Q

Process of releasing substances from the cell

A

Exocytosis

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21
Q

A series of membrane forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm and is a site for lipid synthesis and detoxification of chemicals within cells

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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22
Q

Differentiate rough and smooth ER

A

Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it, smooth Er does not

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23
Q

Closely packed stacks of curved sacs that modifies, collects, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids manufactured by the ER

A

Golgi Apparatus

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24
Q

A small, membrane-bound sac that transports or store materials within cells.

A

Vesicles

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25
Q

It contains a variety of enzymes that works as an intracellular digestive system

A

Lysosomes

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26
Q

Are small membrane-bound vesicles that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes

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27
Q

Are small organelles with inner and outer membranes separated by space

A

Mitochondria

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28
Q

Numerous folds on the inner membrane of mitochondria

A

Cristae

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29
Q

True or False

The nucleoli is the major site of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production within cells.

A

False. Mitochondria is the site for ATP production.

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30
Q

It serves as the internal framework of the cell.

A

Cytoskeleton

31
Q

It acts as a selective barrier that determines what moves in and outside of the cell

A

Cell membrane

32
Q

A mechanism that moves large water-soluble molecules or electrically charged ions across the cell membrane

A

Carrier-mediated transport mechanism

33
Q

A transport process that moves molecule from a high concentration of solute to a low concentration by a carrier molecule.

A

Facilitated diffusion

34
Q

The main energy source for most chemical reactions that happen within the cell

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

35
Q

A transport against a concentration agent where the energy of one substance comes from the concentration agent of another

A

Secondary active transport

36
Q

The diffusing substances moves in the same direction as the transported substance

A

Cotransport

37
Q

The diffusing substances moves in a direction opposite to that of the transported substance

A

Countertransport

38
Q

A nucleus consist of ? which materials can pass into or out of it

A

Nuclear pores

39
Q

These are loosely coiled chromosomes

A

Chromatin

40
Q

True or False

In skeletal muscle, the smooth ER stores sodium ions.

A

False. It stores calcium ions

41
Q

The material within the inner membrane of mitochondria which contains enzymes

A

Mitochondrial matrix

42
Q

A hollow structure that is formed from protein subunits and is responsible for assisting in cell division, supporting the cytoplasm, and forming essential components of organelles such as cilia and flagella

A

Microtubules

43
Q

These are small fibrils that structurally support the cytoplasm, determining its shape.

A

Microfilaments

44
Q

A gel-like fluid within the cell that provides a platform for chemical reaction that happens within that cell

A

Cytoplasm

45
Q

Is smaller in diameter than microtubules but larger than microfilaments and provide mechanical support to the cell

A

Intermediate filaments

46
Q

The ? is a centralized area of cytoplasm where microtubule formation occurs and contains two ? oriented perpendicular to each other

A

Centrosome, centrioles

47
Q

Are cylindrical structures that project from the surface of the cell

A

Cilia

48
Q

It is numerous on surface cells that line the respiratory tract and transport mucus through their coordinated movement, helping the lungs to keep clear of debris

A

Cilia

49
Q

Similar structure to cilia but are much longer and usually occur only one per cell

A

Flagella

50
Q

Are specialized extensions of the cell membrane that are supported by microfilaments

A

Microvilli

51
Q

It is a sequence of nucleotides that provides a chemical set of instructions for making a specific protein

A

gene

52
Q

The process of making a RNA copy of a genetic sequence

A

Transcription

53
Q

The synthesis of proteins based on the information in mRNA

A

Translation

54
Q

The copy of the gene produced during transcription

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

55
Q

A substance necessary to synthesize proteins

A

amino acids

56
Q

Specialized chromosomes that carry the amino acids to the ribosome

A

transfer RNAs (tRNAs)

57
Q

The information in mRNA is carried in groups of three nucleotides called?

A

Codons

58
Q

The site where transcription occurs

A

nucleus

59
Q

The three-pair nucleotide sequence that pair with codon of mRNA

A

Anticodon

60
Q

A nondividing phase where cell spend most of its life performing its normal functions

A

Interphase

61
Q

True or False

At the end of the interphase, two identical DNA molecules are produced

A

True

62
Q

The formation of daughter cells to from a single parent cell

A

Cell division

63
Q

Differentiate the two types of cell division

A

Mitosis - formation of cells necessary for growth and tissue repair
Meiosis- formation of sex cell necessary for reproduction

64
Q

The ? chromosomes are the ? number of chromosomes and are organized to form ? pairs of chromosomes

A

46, diploid, 23

65
Q

The stage where chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes

A

Prophase

66
Q

Each chromosome is made up of two genetically identical strands of chromatin, called ? which are linked at one point by a specialized region called the ?

A

chromatids, centromere

67
Q

The stage where chromosomes align near the center of the cell

A

Metaphase

68
Q

The stage where the chromatids separate to form two sets of identical chromosomes

A

Anaphase

69
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

It is characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei at either end of the dividing cell.

70
Q

The complete separation of two cells apart is called?

A

Cytokinesis

71
Q

The process by which cells develop with specialized structures and function.

A

Differentiation

72
Q

Apoptosis is also described as?

A

Programmed cell death

73
Q

A normal process by which cell numbers within various tissues are adjusted and controlled

A

Apoptosis

Anaphy and Physiology (5 decks)

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