skeletal system Flashcards
1
Q
functions of the skeletal system
A
- support
- protection
- leverage/movement
- stores minerals & lipids
- hemopoiesis
2
Q
what is hemopoiesis?
A
blood cell production
-red bone marrow
3
Q
where does yellow bone marrow come from?
A
lipids
4
Q
Location of yellow bone marrow
A
limb bones
5
Q
location of red bone marrow
A
- axial bones
- hip bones
- proximal end of humerus & femur
6
Q
classification/categories of bone + examples
A
- short bone (carpal bone)
- flat bone (parietal bone)
- irregular bone (vertebra)
- sutural bones
- long bones (humerus)
- sesamoid bones
7
Q
parts of a long bone
A
proximal epiphysis metaphysis diaphysis metaphysis distal epiphysis
spongy bone
compact bone
marrow cavity
8
Q
what part of a long bone contains red bone marrow?
A
spongy bone (proximal epiphysis)
9
Q
what part of the long bone contains yellow bone marrow in adults?
A
medullary cavity in diaphysis
10
Q
what is articular cartilage?
A
- cartilage on spots of bone that articulate
- slick & white
- integrated w/ bone (two types of tissue integrated together)
11
Q
comparison between flat and long bones
A
flat bone
- compact bone - outside rim
- spongy bone - all inside under compact
long bone
- compact bone - outside
- spongy bone - epiphysis’s
12
Q
how do adult & child bones differ?
A
- more cartilage
- epiphyseal plate (growth plate) (childs)
- epiphyseal line (adult)
13
Q
What is the epiphyseal plate?
A
- growth plate
- sliver of cartilage
- cellular growth of cells in plate cause growth of bones
14
Q
epiphyseal line
A
-epiphyseal plate becomes bone (cells stop growing)
15
Q
what is achondroplasia?
A
-spontaneous or inherited genetic abnormality on chromosome #4
16
Q
What is affected by achondroplasia?
A
- epiphyseal plate growth in long bones
- short appendages
17
Q
bone = connective tissue called…
A
osseous tissue
18
Q
extracellular matrix =
A
ground substance + protein fibers + inorganic salts
19
Q
osseous tissue consists of
A
- extracellular matrix
- bone-specific cells
20
Q
1/3 bone mass is…
A
organic material
- cells
- protein fibers (collagen)
- ground substance (semisolid mix of non-fibrous proteins)
21
Q
2/3 bone mass is…
A
inorganic material
-primarily calcium salts
22
Q
bone matrix consists of?
A
- ground substance
- protein fibers - collagen
- inorganic material
23
Q
what is the “mineral component” of bone?
A
inorganic material
24
Q
what is the ground substance made of?
A
- glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate)
- osteocalcin
- osteonectin
25
what is osteocalin?
calcium binding protein
26
what is osteonectin?
anchors bone minerals to collagen
27
osteoid is made up by what organic items?
- ground substance
- glycosaminoglycans
- osteocalcin
- osteonectin
- protein fibers (collagen)
28
what is the main protein fiber in bone?
collagen
29
what inorganic materials are in the bone matrix?
- calcium salts (mostly)
- ca++ phosphate
- hydroxyapatite
30
what is hydroxyapatite?
calcium phosphate & calcium hydroxide combined
31
what does hydroxyapatite make?
crystals
32
what are the crystals from hydroxyapatite made with?
- calcium
- O2
- phosphorus
33
what happens with the crystals from hydroxyapatite?
-deposited around protein fibers
34
what is crucial for bone strength?
organic & inorganic components of bone
35
what happens to bone without minerals?
-becomes rubbery
36
what happens to bone without collagen?
- becomes brittle
| - shatters easy
37
what are the types of bone cells?
- osteocytes
- osteoblasts
- osteoclasts
- osteoprogenitors
38
what are osteocytes? What do they do?
- mature bone cells
| - maintain bone matrix
39
what do osteoblasts do?
-add to/build new bone matrix during growth & remodeling
40
what do osteoclasts do?
-remove/tear down bone matrix during growth & remodeling
41
what do osteoprogenitors do?
-maintain osteoblast population
42
what is the arrangement of materials used to make a whole bone?
- periosteum
- endosteum
- osteons
- trabeculae
43
what is periosteum?
-2-layered tissue that covers the outside surface of a whole bone
44
what are the two tissues in periosteum?
- dense connective tissue proper (outer layer)
| - epithelial tissue (inside layer)
45
what is endosteum?
-type of epithelial tissue that covers the inside surface (lining f marrow cavity) of a whole bone
46
is the fibrous layer of the periosteum the inner our outer layer?
outer
47
is the cellular layer of the periosteum the inner our outer layer?
inner
48
what are osteons?
circular, repeating unit of compact bone
49
what are trabeculae?
spongy (cancellous) bone arrangement in a whole bone
50
what is the compact (dense) bone arrangement in a whole bone?
osteons (Haversian systems)
51
what is the function of the central canal within the osteons?
allows passageway through bone for veins, artey, nerves
52
what are concentric lamellae?
- rings of the osteons
| - where veins, arteries, & nerves run through bone
53
what are lacunae?
spaces where octeocytes (bone cells) are located
54
what are perforating canals?
canals that run horizontal between central canal to connect veins, nerves, & arteries to one another within osteons of bone
55
what gives compressive strength?
circular arrangment (concentric lamellae) of solidified osteoid
56
what to collagen fiber components do?
add flexibility
57
what is canaliculi
passageway through solid matter so octeocytes can extend out and communicate & pass resources to one another
58
does spongy bone have osteons
no
59
what is trabecula?
- formed by matrix in spongy bone
- like honeycomb
- random directions
60
how much skeletal mass is recycled pr year?
about 1/5
61
what factors affect rate of build-up/breakdown of bones?
- exercise
- hormones
- diet
- aging
62
what hormone affect the build-up/breakdown of bones?
- estrogen/testosterone
- growth hormone
- thyroid hormone
- calcitonin/ parathyroid hormones
63
what in diet affect the build-up/breakdown of bones?
- vitamin d
| - vitamin c
64
what is vitamin D needed for in bones?
-calcium absorption
65
what is vitamin C needed for in bones?
-collagen formation
66
what is osteoporosis?
- "porous bone"
| - not normal
67
what happens with osteoporosis?
- loose bone mass in spongy bone
- loose strength of bone
- body begins compress & change orientation of vertebral column
- breaking hips easier
68
what causes osteoporosis?
- hereditary
- age
- malnutrition
69
what stimulates osteoblasts?
- exercise
| - weight bearing
70
what is osteopenia?
- loosing small amounts of bone mass
| - normal
