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BIO 271 - personal cards > skeletal system > Flashcards

skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the skeletal system

A
  • support
  • protection
  • leverage/movement
  • stores minerals & lipids
  • hemopoiesis
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2
Q

what is hemopoiesis?

A

blood cell production

-red bone marrow

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3
Q

where does yellow bone marrow come from?

A

lipids

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4
Q

Location of yellow bone marrow

A

limb bones

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5
Q

location of red bone marrow

A
  • axial bones
  • hip bones
  • proximal end of humerus & femur
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6
Q

classification/categories of bone + examples

A
  • short bone (carpal bone)
  • flat bone (parietal bone)
  • irregular bone (vertebra)
  • sutural bones
  • long bones (humerus)
  • sesamoid bones
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7
Q

parts of a long bone

A 
proximal epiphysis
metaphysis
diaphysis
metaphysis
distal epiphysis

spongy bone
compact bone
marrow cavity

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8
Q

what part of a long bone contains red bone marrow?

A

spongy bone (proximal epiphysis)

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9
Q

what part of the long bone contains yellow bone marrow in adults?

A

medullary cavity in diaphysis

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10
Q

what is articular cartilage?

A
  • cartilage on spots of bone that articulate
  • slick & white
  • integrated w/ bone (two types of tissue integrated together)
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11
Q

comparison between flat and long bones

A

flat bone

  • compact bone - outside rim
  • spongy bone - all inside under compact

long bone

  • compact bone - outside
  • spongy bone - epiphysis’s
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12
Q

how do adult & child bones differ?

A
  • more cartilage
  • epiphyseal plate (growth plate) (childs)
  • epiphyseal line (adult)
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13
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A
  • growth plate
  • sliver of cartilage
  • cellular growth of cells in plate cause growth of bones
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14
Q

epiphyseal line

A

-epiphyseal plate becomes bone (cells stop growing)

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15
Q

what is achondroplasia?

A

-spontaneous or inherited genetic abnormality on chromosome #4

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16
Q

What is affected by achondroplasia?

A
  • epiphyseal plate growth in long bones

- short appendages

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17
Q

bone = connective tissue called…

A

osseous tissue

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18
Q

extracellular matrix =

A

ground substance + protein fibers + inorganic salts

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19
Q

osseous tissue consists of

A
  • extracellular matrix

- bone-specific cells

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20
Q

1/3 bone mass is…

A

organic material

  • cells
  • protein fibers (collagen)
  • ground substance (semisolid mix of non-fibrous proteins)
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21
Q

2/3 bone mass is…

A

inorganic material

-primarily calcium salts

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22
Q

bone matrix consists of?

A
  • ground substance
  • protein fibers - collagen
  • inorganic material
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23
Q

what is the “mineral component” of bone?

A

inorganic material

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24
Q

what is the ground substance made of?

A
  • glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate)
  • osteocalcin
  • osteonectin
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25
Q

what is osteocalin?

A

calcium binding protein

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26
Q

what is osteonectin?

A

anchors bone minerals to collagen

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27
Q

osteoid is made up by what organic items?

A
  • ground substance
    • glycosaminoglycans
    • osteocalcin
    • osteonectin
  • protein fibers (collagen)
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28
Q

what is the main protein fiber in bone?

A

collagen

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29
Q

what inorganic materials are in the bone matrix?

A
  • calcium salts (mostly)
    • ca++ phosphate
  • hydroxyapatite
30
Q

what is hydroxyapatite?

A

calcium phosphate & calcium hydroxide combined

31
Q

what does hydroxyapatite make?

A

crystals

32
Q

what are the crystals from hydroxyapatite made with?

A
  • calcium
  • O2
  • phosphorus
33
Q

what happens with the crystals from hydroxyapatite?

A

-deposited around protein fibers

34
Q

what is crucial for bone strength?

A

organic & inorganic components of bone

35
Q

what happens to bone without minerals?

A

-becomes rubbery

36
Q

what happens to bone without collagen?

A
  • becomes brittle

- shatters easy

37
Q

what are the types of bone cells?

A
  • osteocytes
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts
  • osteoprogenitors
38
Q

what are osteocytes? What do they do?

A
  • mature bone cells

- maintain bone matrix

39
Q

what do osteoblasts do?

A

-add to/build new bone matrix during growth & remodeling

40
Q

what do osteoclasts do?

A

-remove/tear down bone matrix during growth & remodeling

41
Q

what do osteoprogenitors do?

A

-maintain osteoblast population

42
Q

what is the arrangement of materials used to make a whole bone?

A
  • periosteum
  • endosteum
  • osteons
  • trabeculae
43
Q

what is periosteum?

A

-2-layered tissue that covers the outside surface of a whole bone

44
Q

what are the two tissues in periosteum?

A
  • dense connective tissue proper (outer layer)

- epithelial tissue (inside layer)

45
Q

what is endosteum?

A

-type of epithelial tissue that covers the inside surface (lining f marrow cavity) of a whole bone

46
Q

is the fibrous layer of the periosteum the inner our outer layer?

A

outer

47
Q

is the cellular layer of the periosteum the inner our outer layer?

A

inner

48
Q

what are osteons?

A

circular, repeating unit of compact bone

49
Q

what are trabeculae?

A

spongy (cancellous) bone arrangement in a whole bone

50
Q

what is the compact (dense) bone arrangement in a whole bone?

A

osteons (Haversian systems)

51
Q

what is the function of the central canal within the osteons?

A

allows passageway through bone for veins, artey, nerves

52
Q

what are concentric lamellae?

A
  • rings of the osteons

- where veins, arteries, & nerves run through bone

53
Q

what are lacunae?

A

spaces where octeocytes (bone cells) are located

54
Q

what are perforating canals?

A

canals that run horizontal between central canal to connect veins, nerves, & arteries to one another within osteons of bone

55
Q

what gives compressive strength?

A

circular arrangment (concentric lamellae) of solidified osteoid

56
Q

what to collagen fiber components do?

A

add flexibility

57
Q

what is canaliculi

A

passageway through solid matter so octeocytes can extend out and communicate & pass resources to one another

58
Q

does spongy bone have osteons

A

no

59
Q

what is trabecula?

A
  • formed by matrix in spongy bone
    • like honeycomb
  • random directions
60
Q

how much skeletal mass is recycled pr year?

A

about 1/5

61
Q

what factors affect rate of build-up/breakdown of bones?

A
  • exercise
  • hormones
  • diet
  • aging
62
Q

what hormone affect the build-up/breakdown of bones?

A
  • estrogen/testosterone
  • growth hormone
  • thyroid hormone
  • calcitonin/ parathyroid hormones
63
Q

what in diet affect the build-up/breakdown of bones?

A
  • vitamin d

- vitamin c

64
Q

what is vitamin D needed for in bones?

A

-calcium absorption

65
Q

what is vitamin C needed for in bones?

A

-collagen formation

66
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A
  • “porous bone”

- not normal

67
Q

what happens with osteoporosis?

A
  • loose bone mass in spongy bone
  • loose strength of bone
  • body begins compress & change orientation of vertebral column
  • breaking hips easier
68
Q

what causes osteoporosis?

A
  • hereditary
  • age
  • malnutrition
69
Q

what stimulates osteoblasts?

A
  • exercise

- weight bearing

70
Q

what is osteopenia?

A
  • loosing small amounts of bone mass

- normal

BIO 271 - personal cards (8 decks)

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