digestive system Flashcards
1-5
- hard palate
- palatoglossal arch
- palatopharyngeal arch
- soft palate
- uvula
6-10
- fauces
- tongue
- lingual frenulum
- gingivae
- vestibule
1-2
- palatopharyngeal arch
- palatoglossal arch
what is a bifurcated uvula?
looks like the uvula is split in two
1-5
- gingiva
- vestibule
- hard palate
- palatoglossal arch
- soft palate
6-8
- uvula
- fauces
- palatophtayngeal arch
what is the function of teeth
-mechanical processing of food
what is the hardest substance in the body? what is it made of?
enamel; calcium phosphate
what does the pulp in the pulp cavity(of the tooth) consist of?
- nerves, blood vessels, and soft connective tissue
1-5
- enamel
- gingiva
- dentin
- pulp cavity
- root canal
6-10
6, cementum
- periodontal ligaments
- crown
- neck
- root
what are the 4 digestive processes
- propulsion/motility (peristalsis)
- digestion (chemical & mechanical)
- absorption
- elimination
how many teeth do kids have? what about adults?
kids - 20
adults - 32
what is the 3rd molar?
wisdom teeth
what are papillae? where are they located?
where taste buds are located; on tongue
deciduous teeth
1-3
- sublingual salivary gland
- submandibular salivary gland
- parotid salivary gland
saliva consists of?
- mucins
- electrolytes
- antibodies
- enzymes
what enzymes are in saliva? what is their function?
- salivary amylase (begins chemical digestion of complex carbohydrates)
- lingual lipase (produced by tongue; begins chemical digestion of triglycerides)
1-6
- mucosa
- epithelium
- laminal propria
- muscularis mucosae
- submucosa
- muscularis externa
7-12
- longitudinal muscle
- circular muscle
- serose
- epithelium
- connective tissue
- lumen
what is the esophagus?
muscular tubing leading from mouth to stomach
function of esophagus
- propulsion/motility
- NO DIGESTION
what are peristalsis?
waves of muscular contraction that moves food through esophagus
the movement of food mass in the esophagus is what type of process?
ACTIVE
what regulates entrance and exit of esophagus
- upper esophageal sphincter
- lower esophageal sphincter
1-3
- lower esophageal sphincter
- upper esophageal sphincter
- diaphragm
what are the 2 layers of digestive membrane?
parietal peritoneum
visceral peritoneum
what are mesenteries
- folds of the peritoneum that support and stabilize the abdominal organs, hold fat, provide route for blood vessels
1-3
- longitudinal
- circular
- oblique
what are the other names for the lower esophageal sphincter?
- gastroesophageal or cardiac sphincter
1-4
- mucusa
- submucosa
- muscularis externa
- serosa
what layer does the esophagus have instead of the serosa?
adventitia
1-4
- gastric pit
- epithelium
- lamina propria
- gastric gland
1-4
- surface mucus cells
- parietal cells
- cheif cells
- enteroendocrine cells
what is chyme?
soupy mixture of food and secretion mix
surface mucus cells secrete? function of secretion?
- thick alkaline mucus that protects the mucosa from the acidic enviro inside stomach
parietal cells secretion and its function
- hydrochloric acid (kills microorganisms in swallowed food, denatures proteins)
- intrinsic factor (absorption of vit. B12 in small intestine)
cheif cells secretion and its function
- pepsinogen (precursor to pepsin -> breaks proteins down into smaller peices)
enteroendocrine cells secretes?
- gastrin, somatostatin, histamine and several other paracrine and endocrine organs
where does the chemical breakdown of proteins begin?
stomach
- HCl acid dencatures long proteins
- pepsin breaks them into smaller pieces
what is absorbed in stomach?
aspirin & some alcohol
what are peptic ulcers?
erosion of mucosal lining in esophagus, stomach or duodenum
- most involve H. pylori bacteria
what does H. pylori bacteria do?
- causes chronic inflammation of mucosa
- compromises integrity of natural defenses (esp. mucus production)
1-3
- duodenum
- jejunum
- Ileum
duodenum length & function
L: 10’‘-1’
F: “mixing bowl” -> chyme is mixed w/ pancreatic secretions & bile (from liver)
plicae is?
circular folds of intestinal wall submucosa layer
1-2
- circular folds
- plicae
jejunum length
7.5-8’
where does the final chemical digestion and most absorption of organic nutrients (carbs, fat, protein) occur?
jejunum
villi
finger-like folds in mucusa layer
- jejunum
tissue arrangement of jejunum
- plicae -> submucosa
- villi -> mucosa
1-2
- plica
- villi
goblet cells in jejunum function
secrete mucus
epithelium function in jejunum
- absorb nutrients
epithelium of jejunum contain _____ which create “brush border”
microvilli
1-6
- goblet cell
- epithelium
- lacteal
- capillary network
- brush border
- goblet cells
Ileum length and function
L: 11’
F: continued absorption of stuff not absorbed in jejunum; it. B12 asborb.
ileum tissue arrangement
- mucosa still folded (villi)
- plicae of submucosa less prominent
- presence of preyer’s patches
length of large intestine
5 ft
1-4
- transverse colon
- ascending colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
1-2
- Haustrum
- tenia coli
tissue arrangement of large intestine
- no villi
- lots of goblet cells
functions of large intestine
- reabsorb water. compact unusable material in fecal matter
- absorb some vitamins made by bacteria living in large intestines (vit. K, bitotin, Vit B5)
- conversion of organic wastes (bilirubin->stercobilins & urobilins; protein leftovers -> ammonia, indole/skatole, hydrogen sulfate)
- storage of fecal matter
1-7
1 & 3. rectum
2 & 5. anal canal
- anus
- internal anal sphincter
- external anal spincter
what creates secretions that are dumped into intestines?
- accessory organs (pancreas, liver, gallbladder)
pancreas is a _____ glandular organ
dual
cells of pancreatic acini make…
digestive enzymes and buffers
- dumps into duodenum via pancreatic duct)
cells of pancreatic islets make…
hormones -> insulin & glucagon
1-3
- right lobe
- falciform ligament
- left lobe
1-5
- caudate lobe
- left lobe
- porta hepatis
- quadrate lobe
- right lobe
1-2
- portal vein
- hepatic portal vein
the functional units of the liver are called?
lobules
1-5
- central vein
- bile duct
- portal venule
- portal arteriole
- portal triad
functions of liver
1. metabolic regulation
- determining nutrient content of circulating blood
2. hematological regulation
- immunological & blood-related functions
3. bile production
- fat digestion
1-5
- R. hepatic duct
- gallbladder
- cystic duct
- sphincter of oddi
- L. hepatic duct
6-10
- common hepatic duct
- common bile duct
- pancreas
- pancreatic duct
- duodenum
cholelithiasis are? and are composed of?
gallstones; cholesterol
1-4
- L. & R. hepatic duct
- cystic duct
- common hepatic duct
- common bile duct
