Skeletal System

Question 1

Axial Skeleton

Answer 1

skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

Question 2

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 2

bones of limbs

Question 3

Cartilage

Answer 3

avascular, connective tissue nourished by diffusion; a varying networks of extracellular fibers and cells located in small cavities

Question 4

Functions of Cartilage (3)

Answer 4

1) support soft tissues
2) provide smooth gliding surface for bone articulation at joints
3) enable growth and development of long bones

Question 5

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 5

Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage

Question 6

Hyaline

Answer 6

most common, moderate collagen, found on the articulating surfaces of bones

Question 7

Elastic

Answer 7

contains collagen and high number of elastic fibers, found in external ear

Question 8

Fibrocartilage

Answer 8

low number of cells, really high levels of collagen, inextensible, found in vertebral discs

Question 9

Bone

Answer 9

calcified, innervated, vascular (nutrient artery directly enters bone, usually 1/bone) connective tissue; contain collage and many types of cells

Question 10

From what do bones arise?

Answer 10

Mesenchyme (via intramembranous ossification or endochondral ossification - starts with collagen, then mesenchyme then, finally, bone)

Question 11

Function of bones (5)

Answer 11

1) support the body
2) act as levers for muscles to use to produce movement
3) reservoirs of calcium and phosphate
4) production of blood cells (bone marrow)
5) protect vital organs

Question 12

Two types of bone

Answer 12

compact and spongy

Question 13

Compact Bone

Answer 13

dense outer shell of all bones (surrounding spongy bone)

Question 14

Spongy Bone

Answer 14

or cancellous bone; located deep to the compact bone, contains spicules of bone enclosed small cavities of blood producing cells (marrow)

Question 15

What are the shapes of bones (5)?

Answer 15

flat, long, short, irregular, and sesmoid

Question 16

Flat bones

Answer 16

two compact bone plates separated by spongy bone (skull)

Question 17

Long bones

Answer 17

tubular in shape (limbs)

Question 18

Short bones

Answer 18

cuboidal in shape (hand and ankle)

Question 19

Irregular bones

Answer 19

no particular shape (facial bones)

Question 20

Sesamoid bones

Answer 20

round or oval (found in tendons)

Question 21

Periosteum

Answer 21

membrane covering all bones except where cartilage is present; highly innervated with vasomotor and sensory nerves; nourishes outer layer of bone via blood vessels and can form new bone if necessary

Question 22

Fracture (ITC)

Answer 22

occurs when abnormal load/stress is applied and the bone gives way (OR when a normal load/stress is applied and the bone is of insufficient quality and gives way)

Question 23

Greenstick Fracture (ITC)

Answer 23

partial disruption of cortical shaft (looks like tree branch)

Question 24

Epiphyseal Fracture (ITC)

Answer 24

fracture that occurs along epiphyseal line (growth plate); common when there is a lot of growth (7-10+ years old) and is thus vulnerable to injury

Question 25

What can compression at the epiphyseal line result in?

Answer 25

asymmetrical growth across joint region

Question 26

Bone Marrow Transplants

Answer 26

radiation is used to kill patient’s blood producing cells, and a donors cells are implanted into the bones of the recipient

Question 27

Red Marrow

Answer 27

myeloid tissue; most marrow is red, gives rise to RBCs, WBCs, and platelets (hemapoietic stem cells)

Question 28

Yellow Marrow

Answer 28

contains fat globules, responsible for making a few WBCs

Question 29

As we age, ____ marrow converts to ____ marrow.

Answer 29

red to yellow

Question 30

Avascular Necrosis

Answer 30

lack of blood flow results in bone death and collapse

Question 31

In what type of patient (and where in the patient) is avascular necrosis common?

Answer 31

elderly; femoral neck, loss of continuity of cortical medullary blood flow - we see juxta-articular bony sclerosis, subchondral cyst formation, and gluteal muscle wasting

Question 32

Osteoporosis

Answer 32

decline in bone mineral density and leaves patients with increased risk for fracture

Question 33

Who does osteoporosis commonly affect? Where in patients?

Answer 33

elderly (mainly post-menopausal women); femoral necks, wrists, and vertebrae

Question 34

What hand is imaged to determine skeletal age?

Answer 34

most often the non-dominant (left) hand is imaged and compared to standards

Question 35

When is skeletal maturity reached?

Answer 35

Around 20-25 years

Question 36

What impacts skeletal maturity?

Answer 36

geography, socioeconomic factors, genetics, disease (malnutrition or hypothyroidism)

Question 37

T or F : In healthy patients, bone age reflects actual age of patient.

Answer 37

TRUE