Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Cardiovascular System

Answer 1

made of heart (pump) and blood vessels (network of tubes carrying blood)

Question 2

Layers of tissue in blood vessels

Answer 2

Tunica Externa, Tunica Media, Tunica Intima

Question 3

Tunica Externa

Answer 3

adventitia, outer layer connective tissue

Question 4

Tunica Media

Answer 4

middle smooth muscle layer

Question 5

Tunica Intima

Answer 5

inner endothelial lining

Question 6

Arteries (types)

Answer 6

carry blood away from heart

large arteries, medium muscular arteries, small arteries/arterioles

Question 7

Large arteries

Answer 7

TM has high levels of elastic fibers to accommodate for contraction and recoil; maintain normal blood flow during diastole (relaxed, blood filling heart)

Question 8

Examples of large arteries

Answer 8

Aorta, brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian, pulmonary trunk

Question 9

Medium muscular arteries

Answer 9

TM is mostly smooth muscle fibers; can change in diameter to control blood flow

Question 10

Examples of medium muscular arteries

Answer 10

femoral, axillary, radial

Question 11

Small arteries/arterioles

Answer 11

control filling of capillaries and directly contribute to arterial pressure

Question 12

capillaries

Answer 12

connect arteries and veins, very small; sit of nutrient/gas/waste exchange

Question 13

Veins (types)

Answer 13

carry blood to the heart

large veins, small/medium veins, venules

Question 14

Large veins

Answer 14

very thick TE, some smooth muscle in TM

Question 15

Examples of large veins

Answer 15

vena cavae, portal vein

Question 16

Small/medium veins

Answer 16

thick TE, little smooth muscle in TM

Question 17

Examples of small/medium veins

Answer 17

superficial veins in limbs, deep veins in legs/forearm

Question 18

Venule

Answer 18

smallest veins, drain capillaries

Question 19

Veins (common features, 4)

Answer 19

• thin TM
• large luminal diameter
• valves present to help prevent blood flow in the wrong direction (usually in peripheral veins inferior to the heart)
• many veins (venae comitantes) closely associated with arteries in peripheral regions

Question 20

Artherosclerosis (ITC)

Answer 20

arterial disease, chronic inflammation and deposition of cholesterol and fatty proteins can lead to calcification (plaque formation) which decreased luminal diameter and distal flow

Question 21

What can plaques in arteries result in? (ITC)

Answer 21

Plaques can dislodge (embolize) and can occlude vessels, preventing blood flow
carotid : stroke
heart : acute vessel thrombosis, myocardial infarction
legs : inability to walk, distal ischemia, gangrene of toes

Question 22

Vericose Veins (ITC)

Answer 22

tortous dilated veins that occur as a result of damaged valves allowing blood flow in the wrong direction; skin may present abnormal pigmentation, ulcers from small trauma, and atrophy with poor tissue damage response

treatment varies with location (typically legs), size, and severity

Question 23

Collateral vessels (ITC)

Answer 23

smaller arteries/veins that feed/drain organs respectively, in addition to the large arteries/veins (redundancy system)

Question 24

Example of collateral vessels in the body (ITC)

Answer 24

Hand - perfused by radial and ulnar arteries; if one is blocked, we would not see symptoms of impeded blood flow

Question 25

Vein loss (and example) (ITC)

Answer 25

can lead to massive venous collateralization, increasing bleeding risk; portal vein blockage leads to drainage from gut bypassing the liver and returning to systemic circulation

Question 26

What organ has poor collateral circulation? (ITC)

Answer 26

Brain - carotid and vertebral arteries feeding it and occlusions result in long-term cerebral damage

Question 27

Anastamoses (ITC)

Answer 27

surgically created alternate circulation pathway used to bypass blocked vessels