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Skeletal System > Skeletal Pathologies > Flashcards

Skeletal Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

4 repair stages of fracture

A

HAEMATOMA
INFLAMMATION & PHAGOCYTOSIS bone debris/clot
FIBROBLASTS move in form spongy bone/fibrocartilage
Osteoblasts form CALLUS (new bone to replace fibrocartilage)
MINERALISATION & SHAPING - Callus mineralised. Osteoclasts reshape/canalise new bone.

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2
Q

Treatment for Fractures

A

improve circulation/nutrients to bone

use creams/ointments - absorbed

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3
Q

what herbs for fractures?

A

comfrey

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4
Q

what nutrients would help fractures

A

calcium
vit D
vit C
MSM (sulphur)

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5
Q

What homeopathic for fractures

A

arnica-bruising
Ruta - nerve
calc phos 4c - 3 weeks - meld bones together

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6
Q

Difference between sprain/strain

A

sprain - ligament

strain - muscle

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7
Q

Definition of sprain

A

trauma - joint out of normal range

stretch/tear ligaments

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8
Q

6 treatment suggestions - sprains

A 
First Aid 
herbs locally/internally
nutrients
rest
homeopathy
acupuncture
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9
Q

2 herb suggestions for sprain

A

comfrey, calendula

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10
Q

5 nutrients for sprain

A 
glucosamine
vit C
zinc
vit E
collagen gel
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11
Q

2 types dislocation

A

dislocation - full

subluxation - partial

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12
Q

How do X rays work

A

Electromagnetic radiation
pass through less dense matter (fat, muscle)
but are absorbed by denser matter (bones, tumours, lungs)
which appear white.

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13
Q

How can you counteract carcagenic effects of X Rays

A

homeopathy

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14
Q

What stage of life is bone health ‘laid down’

A

teens - TEENAGE GIRLS BEWARE!

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15
Q

What is Osteoporosis

A

Bone thinning (porous bone)
decreased bone mineral density (BMD)
increased bone fragility & fracture risk

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16
Q

What is primary type 1 & 2 osteoporosis

A

1 - senile osteoporosis (age/post menopause)

2 - ideopathic osteoporosis (don’t know reason)

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17
Q

what is secondary osteoporosis

A

O is secondary to another condition/lifestyle/pathology

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18
Q

main cause Osteoporosis

A 
MALNUTRITION
mineral deficiency
low calcium absorption
genetics
bad teens (growth years)
low oestrogen at menopause
ph imbalance (blood too acidic)
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19
Q

how does oestrogen help prevent osteoporosis

A

suppresses bone resorption & improves calcium uptake in the gut

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20
Q

Osteoporosis risk factors

A 
poor diet
toxins
drugs
smoking
age
ethnicity - (northern european worse)
genetics
alcohol
sedentary lifestyle
endocrine pro
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21
Q

What does your skin colour have to do with Vit D?

A

the fairer the skin, the more vit D absorbed.

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22
Q

Why is it hard to catch Osteoporosis early?

A

it is ASYMPTOMATIC until bone has reached critical thinness and fractures for no reason

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23
Q

What can happen to the height of Osteoporosis suffered and why?

A

loss of height due to vertebral crumpling and fracture

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24
Q

What body position gives the most relief in Osteoporosis

A

lying on side with knees flexed

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25
Q

other physical tell-tale signs of osteoporosis

A 
stooped posture (kyphosis/dowagers hump)
scoliosis
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26
Q

how is the pain usually aggravated with Osteoporosis

A

sitting, standing or bending

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27
Q

what is the usual drug treatment for Osteoporosis

A

Biphosphonates (Fosomax)

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28
Q

Side effects of Fosomax?

A 
increases bone density but doesn't make bone less brittle!
over 1 in 10 get bone, muscle or joint pain, 
dizziness
hair loss
fever
eye pain
vomiting
and BONE FRACTURES!
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29
Q

Our treatment for Osteoporosis

A 
non-acidic diet
calcium & vit D
weight bearing exercise
hormone balancing herbs
avoid toxins
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30
Q

Long name for Rickets

A

Osteomalacia

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31
Q

What is Osteomalacia

A 
Rickets
Softening of bone due to failed mineralisation in the bone matrix
decalcification of bone esp in 
spine
pelvis
lower extremities
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32
Q

causes of Osteomalacia

A

Vit D deficiency

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33
Q

possible causes of Vit D deficiency

A

insufficient sun
insufficient vit D in diet
failure to absorb vit D in gut
reduced receptor sites for vit D in tissues

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34
Q

signs/symptoms of Osteomalacia

A

Deformed/bent bones
severe back pain
severe muscle weakness
fracture

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35
Q

our treatment of osteomalacia

A

vit d - via foods, supplementation & sunlight

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36
Q

What is hypercalcaemia

A

high blood calcium - serum calcium above 2.5mmol.

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37
Q

Causes of hypercalcaemia (5)

A 
uncontrolled release of calcium from bones (tumour)
hypERpatathyroidism
immobility - demineralisation of bone
excess intake calcium/vit D
milk-alkali syndrome
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38
Q

what is milk-alkali syndrome

A

increased intake of milk/antacids (heartburn) = elevated serum calcium

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39
Q

signs/symptoms hypercalcaemia

A 
muscle weakness
lethargy
anorexia
nausea
polyuria
irregular heartbeat
bone density loss - fractures
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40
Q

our treatment of hypercalcaemia

A

treat cause

adjust calcium intake

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41
Q

what is osteomyelitis

A

infection of bone marrow

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42
Q

which bones does osteomyelitis most often affect

A

1st & 2nd lumber vertebrae

growing regions of long bones in children

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43
Q

causes of osteomyelitis

A

immune suprresion -
diabetes
alcoholics
injecting drug users

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44
Q

signs/symptoms Osteomyelitis

A

affected areas v sensitive to percussion
generalised non-specific back ache
severe night pain
muscular guarding of area

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45
Q

allopathic treatment of Osteomyelitis

A

antibiotics

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46
Q

side effects of antibiotics

A

lowered immunity
disturbed gut function
candida

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47
Q

our treatment for Osteomyelitis

A

herbs (infection & Immunity)
local compresses
homeopathy

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48
Q

two types of bone tumours

A

benign & malignant

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49
Q

what are benign tumours

A

grow inside bones, cause pressure, deep pain, fracturing, could turn malignant

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50
Q

malignant bone tumours known as

A

osteosarcomas

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51
Q

malignant cartilage tumours known as

A

chondosarcomas

52
Q

are malignant bone tumours usually primary or secondary

A

secondaries from other organs, e.g. breast, kidney

53
Q

allopathic treatment for bone tumours

A

radiotherapy

54
Q

our treatment for bone tumours

A

support only
herbs
nutrition

55
Q

what is kyphosis often called?

A

Hunchback

56
Q

signs/symptoms kyphosis

A

hunched thoracic spine

may interfere with breathing

57
Q

causes kyphosis

A

postural

secondary to other disorders - osteporosis

58
Q

treatment kyphosis

A 
exercise
postural training
bowen technique
back brace
medical - surgery
59
Q

Lordosis signs/symptoms

A

increased concavity/arch of lumbar spine

60
Q

lordosis causes

A

adolescent growth spurt
musculoskeletal disease
obesity

61
Q

lordosis treatment

A

exercise
postural training
bowen technique

62
Q

what is scoliosis

A

lateral s shape curve in spine

can impinge on nerves

63
Q

causes scoliosis

A

everyday imbalance (bag on shoulder)

64
Q

treatment scoliosis

A

chiropractic
osteopathy
bowen technique

65
Q

what causes a herniated/slipped disc?

A

fibrocartilage in intervertebral discs degenerate with age

66
Q

treatment herniated discs

A

strengthen muscles in back
homeopathy - arnic
herbs - pain, inflammation & connective tissue

67
Q

What is spina bifida

A

Incomplete closure of embryonic neural tube =

spinal canal fails to enclose spinal cord

68
Q

when does spina bifida occur in the foetus

A

weeks 5-8

69
Q

causes spina bifida

A

unknown

lack of folic acid contributes

70
Q

2 types spina bifida

A

occulta - less serious

aperta - more serious (loss of continence, paralysis)

71
Q

Treatment spina bifida

A

prevention - adequate folic acid during pregnancy

72
Q

What is ankylosing spondylitis

A

chronic inflammation of spine & sacroiliac joints

73
Q

what does ankylosing spondylitis often lead to

A 
spinal fusion (ankylosis)
reduced movement
74
Q

causes of ankylosing spondylitis

A

possible genetic link

75
Q

who suffers with ankylosing spondylitis

A

mostly men

age of onset 20-45

76
Q

early symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis

A 
lumber curve flattens, 
mobility reduced
lower back pain into posterior thighs
hip & heel pain
pain/stiffness worse in mornings
acute iritis
77
Q

later symptoms ankylosing spondylitis

A

thoracic curve restricted
ribs stiffen
chest expansion diminished

78
Q

definition iritis

A

inflammation of iris

79
Q

allopathic treatment analysing spondylitis

A

surgery

pain/inflammation medication

80
Q

associated symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis

A 
damage to stomach lining
osteoporosis
bruising
muscle weakness
diabetes
glaucoma
mood changes
81
Q

alternative treatment ankylosing spondylitis

A

nutrition (anti inflammatory)

herbs (pain inflammation)

82
Q

what is Osteoarthritis

A

degenerative wear & tear of articular cartilage, typically affecting weight bearing joints

83
Q

describe the onset of osteoarthritis

A

gradual

84
Q

osteoarthritis more commonly seen in -

A

older people/sportsmen

85
Q

causes osteoarthritis

A 
fracture 
genetics
general wear & tear
obesity
map-alignment of joint
previous disease - RA
86
Q

Describe 5 stages osteoarthritis

A

1) articular cartilage wears away, exposing underlying bone
2) subchondral bone becomes hard & glossy
3) cysts & sclerosis occurs in bone surface
4) bones grow projecting spurs
5) spurs break off into synovial cavity causing further iritation

87
Q

process in which subchondral bone becomes hard & glossy is called -

A

eburnation

88
Q

projecting spurs are called -

A

osteophytes

89
Q

how is osteoarthritis diagnosed

A

x ray

90
Q

treatment of osteoarthritis

A 
nutrition
glucosamine
hyalauronic acid
eggshell membrane
vit C
MSM
Herbs - comfrey, turmeric
weight loss
91
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis

A

autoimmune inflammation of synovium.
potentially affecting all organs except brain
systemic inflammation

92
Q

R A affects how many people worldwide

A

1%

93
Q

What age group does RA affect?

A

peak occurrence - 30-50

94
Q

signs/symptoms RA

A 
symmetrical/bilateral
affects hands and feet first, spreads proximally
morning stiffness/swelling
deformity joints
general malaise
subcutaneous nodules
eye problems
kidney problems
compression of spinal cord leading to neurological complications
95
Q

Cause of R A?

A

idiopathic, but genetic believed to be linked

96
Q

allopathic treatment

A

surgery for nodules

pain & inflammation medication

97
Q

alternative treatment RA

A

antiinflammatory nutrition

herbs for pain, inflammation & immune modulation

98
Q

cause OA v RA?

A

OA - degenerative wear & tear

RA - autoimmune

99
Q

Tissues affected OA v RA?

A

OA - articular cartilage

RA - synovial membrane

100
Q

type of joint affected OA v RA?

A

OA - mostly hips & knees (weight bearing)

RA - any synovial joints (tends to be systemic)

101
Q

Age of onset OA v RA

A

OA - older

RA - 30-50

102
Q

symmetrical? OA & RA?

A

OA - asymmetrical

RA - symmetrical/bilateral

103
Q

additional symptoms/complications OA v RA?

A

OA - not usually

RA - yes

104
Q

movement OA v RA?

A

OA - movement becomes restricted

RA - morning stiffness/swelling

105
Q

what happens to joints with time OA v RA?

A

OA - eventually joints become deformed

RA - gradually spreads through more proximal structures

106
Q

changes to joint structure OA v RA?

A

OA - osteophyte/bone spurs

RA - subcutaneous nodules

107
Q

what is the carpal tunnel

A

narrow passageway of ligament & carpal bones at base of hand through which the median nerve runs.

108
Q

function of median nerve?

A

controls sensations & movements in hand & fingers

109
Q

what is carpal tunnel syndrome

A

nerve becomes squeezed at wrist

110
Q

causes carpal tunnel syndrome?

A 
vibrating tools - drills
fluid retention - pregnancy/menopause
congenital predisposition - small CT
trauma to joint
tumour/cyst in canal
secondary to RA, hypothyroidism
111
Q

risk factors carpal tunnel syndrome

A

women - men 3:1
diabetes
assembly line workers

112
Q

signs/symptoms carpal tunnel syndrome

A 
occur in affected hands & fingers
onset gradual
often starts at night
frequent burning sensation/tingling/itching/numbness
fingers feel swollen
decreased grip
difficulty gauging temperature by touch
113
Q

allopathic treatment CTs

A 
aspirin/ibuprofen
resting joint
cool packs
surgery
physio
114
Q

alternative treatments CTS

A 
treat cause!
herbs for pain, inflammation
acupuncture
homeopathy (arnica)
antinflammatory nutritional support
115
Q

possible complications CTS

A

if untreated/chronic muscles in base of thumb may waste away

116
Q

other name for gout

A

crystal arthropathy

117
Q

What is crystal arthropathy?

A

gout
form of arthritis v common in men
deposition of excess uric acid crystals in bodily tissues & fluids
v painful

118
Q

causes crystal arthropathy

A 
trauma
illness
dehydration
purine excess
obesity
excessive alcohol
hypercholestorolaemia
hypertension
type 2 diabetes
kidney disease
diuretic use
119
Q

ratio of men to women suffering with crystal arthropathy

A

men 8:1 female

120
Q

mean age of onset - gout

A

men 40 women 70

121
Q

signs/symptoms gout

A

big toe most often affected
can effect mid feet, ankles, knees, elbows, wrists, fingers
usually monoarticular, can be polyarticular
intensely painful, red, hot, swollen joints
skin appears shiny, may peel
painless tophi - urate crystal outside joints under skin

122
Q

allopathic treatment gout

A

corticosteroid injection - side effects

123
Q

alternative treatment gout

A

anti-nflammatory nutrition
sour cherry (cherry active)
herbs & comprrsses for pain, inflammation, diuretics & infection
homeopathy

124
Q

what is bursitis

A

inflammation of bursae

125
Q

causes of bursitis

A

trauma
infection
wear & tear

126
Q

treatment bursitis

A 
herbs - pain, inflammation, infection
rest
ice
anti-inflammatory nutrition
homeopathy
compresses
127
Q

Difference between tendon and ligament

A

Tendon muscle to bone

Ligament bone to bone

Skeletal System (7 decks)

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