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Skeletal System > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

0
Q

5 functions of bones

A 
Framework 
Protection
Attachment
Movement
Haemopoeisis
Mineral reservoir
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1
Q

How many bones in the body

A

206

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2
Q

What is the formation/development of blood cells called

A

Haemopieisis

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3
Q

2 types bone tissue

A

Spongy

Compact

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4
Q

3 types bone cells

A

Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocyte

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5
Q

What is an osteoblast

A

Bone building cell

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6
Q

What is osteo last

A

Bone dissolving cells

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7
Q

Which bone cells are multi-nucleated

A

Osteoclasts

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8
Q

What is the name of the process in which Osteoclasts dissolve the bone cells

A

Bone resorption

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9
Q

What is an osteocyte

A

Mature bone cell in lacunae

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10
Q

4 parts of Osteon

A

Lamella
Lacunae
Canaliculi
Central canal

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11
Q

Basic unit of compact bone is?

A

osteon

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12
Q

Describe lamellar

A

Extracellular matrix
Contains minerals/collagen fibres
Tubular

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13
Q

Describe lacunae

A

‘Lagoons’
Spaces between lamellae
Contain osteocytes

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14
Q

Describe canaliculi

A

Network of canals

So osteocytes can receive nutrients/remove waste

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15
Q

What does central canal of compact bone contain

A

Blood vessels and nerves

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16
Q

What doesn’t spongy bone have that compact does

A

Osteons

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17
Q

Describe structure of spongy bone

A

Columns of bone -trabeculae

In irregular lattice

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18
Q

What do trabeculae contain as well as osteons

A

Lamellae
Osteocytes
Lacunae
Canaliculi

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19
Q

What are spaces between trabeculae filled with

A

Bone marrow

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20
Q

What does bone marrow do

A

Make blood cells

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21
Q

Outer covering of compact bone

A

Periosteum

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22
Q

Larger 2 types canals in compact bone

A

Volkmans (L-R)

Haversian up down

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23
Q

Long shaft of bone

A

Diaphysis

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24
Q

Ends of bone

A

Epiphyses

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25
Q

Describe long bone

A

Cylindrical

Curve 2 planes greater strength

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26
Q

What is epiphyseal growth plate

A

Hyaline cartilage ‘disc’ bordering epiphyses, around which growth occurs.

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27
Q

Structure of epiphysis

A

Thin outer compact bone covered by hyaline cartilage capsule
Inner spongy bone with red marrow/myeloid tissue
Epiphyseal growth plate

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28
Q

What covers outside of diaphysis

A

Periosteum

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29
Q

Myeloid tissue

A

red bone marrow

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30
Q

What is periosteum

A

Vascular, connective tissue membrane covers outer diaphysis

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31
Q

What lines central medullary canal in diaphysis

A

Endosteum

32
Q

All bone marrow starts off as -

A

Red bone marrow

33
Q

In severe blood loss what can happen to the marrow

A

Yellow can convert to red

34
Q

Structure of diaphysis

A

Outer compact bone covered by periosteum

Central medullary canal contains red marrow/myeloid tissue/yellow blood cells lined with endosteum.

35
Q

2 layers of periosteum

A

Outer - tough, fibrous,protects

Inner - CAMBIUM - contains osteoblasts & osteoclasts important for growth/repair.

36
Q

What replaces periosteum on joint surfaces

A

Hyaline cartilage

37
Q

5 jobs of periosteum

A 
Protect bone
Bone growth/repair
Attachment for ligaments/tendons
Provides blood supply
Has nociceptors-nerve endings sense pain
38
Q

5 bone shapes in body

A 
long
short
irregular
flat
sesamoid
39
Q

Example of long bone

A

femur

40
Q

ex of short bone

A

carpals/tarsals

41
Q

ex flat bone

A

skull/hip

42
Q

ex irregular bone

A

vertabrae

43
Q

ex sesamoid bone

A

patella

44
Q

structure of all bones apart from long -

A

peroisteum enclosing
compact bone outer
spongy inside, containing bone marrow

45
Q

What does red bone marrow do

A

creates red blood cells,
platelets,
white blood cells

46
Q

what does yellow bone marrow do?

A

stores fat

creates some white blood cells

47
Q

Why is exercise particularly important in older women?

A

To help strengthen their bones after menopause

prevent Osteoporosis

48
Q

Bone formation known as

A

ossification/osteogenisis

49
Q

3 times ossification/genesis occurs

A

during growth
continuous bone renewal
repair

50
Q

2 types ossification

A

Intramembraneous ossification

Endochondral ossification

51
Q

What are cartilage cells known as?

A

Chodrocytes

52
Q

Describe intramembraneous ossification

A

Bones form directly within the mesenchyme

53
Q

Describe Endochondrial Ossification

A

Bones form within hyaline cartilage at epiphyseal plate

54
Q

what is mesenchyme

A

cell soup

55
Q

By which process are bone cells produced around the epiphyseal growth plate during endochondrial ossification?

A

Mitosis

56
Q

Which cells ossify the matrix to form bone during endochondrial ossification?

A

Osteoblasts

57
Q

At what age doe endochondrial ossification cease?

A

early 20’s boys

late teens girls

58
Q

What are our bones left with after completely ossifying

A

epiphyseal line

59
Q

what is the growth in bone thickness known as

A

appositional growth

60
Q

inner layer of periosteum called?

A

cambium

61
Q

Describe how diameter of bone increases during appositional growth

A

Osteoblasts in cambium form compact bone

Osteoclasts in medullary cavity carve out bone

62
Q

Main hormones affecting bone growth in children

A

Growth hormone

thyroid hormone

63
Q

Main hormones affecting bone growth in adults

A

testosterone & oestrogen
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone

64
Q

What to take for restless legs

A

magnesium glycinate

65
Q

Which mineral do bones store large amounts of?

A

Bone is an important calcium reservoir

66
Q

Blood calcium levels have to be tightly controlled to ensure proper

A

blood clotting

nerve & muscle function

67
Q

If blood calcium levels are low what happens in body to restore homeostasis

A

Osteoclasts break down/release calcium into blood

68
Q

If blood calcium levels are high what happens to restore homeostasis

A

Calcium in absorbed back into the bone via Osteoblasts

69
Q

Which two glands regulate calcium exchange

A

Parathyroid

thyroid

70
Q

Describe negative feedback system that increases blood calcium

A

RECEPTORS - parathyroid gland detect lower calcium
CONTROL CENTRE - switches on PTH gene
PTH stimulates the EFFECTORS - Osteoclasts (bone resorption)/Kidneys keep the calcium in blood

71
Q

Describe negative feedback system that decreases blood calcium

A

come back

72
Q

What helps bones get stronger

A

weight bearing exercise

73
Q

Which type of exercise doesn’t help bone strength

A

swimming

74
Q

What rate of bone mass loss a week can astronauts/the bedridden expect?

A

Up to 1% per week

75
Q

Exercise leads to increased —- and — in bones

A

increased mineral deposition and increased production of muscle fibres

77
Q

What helps to ensure bone formation occurs more quickly than bone resorption

A

exercise

78
Q

what is the bioactive form of vit D?

A

calcitrol

79
Q

what is calcitonin?

A

hormone that promotes bone growth & decreases blood calcium when too high

Skeletal System (7 decks)

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