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Bio 241 > Skeletal Muscle exam > Flashcards

Skeletal Muscle exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the different types of muscle tissue?

A

Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal

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2
Q

What are myoblasts and satellite cells and what is their function?

A

Myoblasts are mult-nucleated-embryonic cells, build muscle cells.
myosatellite cell-stem cells that take part in repair of damaged muscle tissue.

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3
Q

What is epimysium layer?

A

connective tissue-Dense layer of collagen fibers that surrounds the entire muscle.

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4
Q

What is a perimysium layer?

A

Folds internal, seperates muscle into large sub-units called Fascicles.

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5
Q

What is a endomysium layer?

A

Wraps around and seperates each muscle fiber.

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6
Q

What is a muscle body?

A

Group of fascicles

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7
Q

What are bundles of fascicles?

A

made up of muscle cell

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8
Q

What are muscle fibers?

A

made up of myofibrils, multi-nucleiated

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9
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

made up of bundles of protien myo filaments

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10
Q

What is a sacrolemma?

A

muscle cell membrane

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11
Q

What is a sarcoplasma?

A

fluid that fills voids in the muscle cell

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12
Q

What are T-tubules?

A

Wraps around every myofibril and goes into cell to transmit Action/membrane Potential.

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13
Q

What is sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Wraps around each myofibril, stores lots of Calcium. Helps transmit Action potential

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14
Q

What is a Triad?

A

Formed by 1 T-tubule and 2 terminal cisternae/lateral sac.

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15
Q

What are myofilaments?

A

Responsible for muscle contraction.

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16
Q

Two types of myofilaments?

A

Thin-protein actin

Thick-protein myosin

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17
Q

What are sacromeres?

A

Sections of muscle fibers that contract.

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18
Q

What is titin?

A

Corkscrew elastic protein, restores sacromere length after contraction.

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19
Q

What is actin?

A

thin myofilament composed of troponin complex, and tropomyosin

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20
Q

What is myosin?

A

Thick filament that grabs the actin strand.

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21
Q

What are nerve and blood vessels?

A

Supply muscle cell with nutrients, blood. nerves in there as well.

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22
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

branch of a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it connects to.

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23
Q

what is the relationship between size of motor unit and power generation and level of control of movement?

A

Larger unit, more power & less control. Smaller unit less power, more control of the muscle cell.

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24
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

Where the nerve and muscle cell meet.

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25
Q

What toxin can interfere with muscle contractions and how does this toxin work?

A

Btx-blocks Vgated Sodium channels
TTx-Keeps Vgated Sodium channels open, stop Action P.
Curare-blocks Nicotinic chemical gated Sodium channels in the motor end plate

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26
Q

What are the five steps of the contraction cycle?

A

Active site exposure, Cross bridge formation, Pivot of Myosin head, Cross-bridge deatachment, myosin reactivation

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27
Q

Different types of skeletal muscle tissue and their functions.

A

Slow-endurance, lots of ATP & Myoglobin, Dark
Intermediate- in between
Fast-power, less ATP & Myoglobin, light.

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28
Q

are the same types of fibers found in a single motor unit?

A

In each motor unit the type of muscle fibers are the same.

29
Q

In terms of muscle fiber organization, which has the greatest endurance, allows for variable movements and which produce the greatest force?

A

Parallel muscles have high endurance.
Convergent allow variable movement.
Pennate muscle produce greatest force

30
Q

During the sliding filament theory, what is changing in size and what is not? And is the entire muscle fiber “contracting” or not

A

Muscle fiber and sacromere is changing shape. The entire muscle fiber is contracting because the muscle fiber is made up of sections of sacromeres.

31
Q

What determines the duration of a muscle contraction?

A

Duration of the neural stimulus
# of free calcium ions in sacroplasm
ATP availability

32
Q

Explain why Rigor Mortis happens and why it eventually goes away

A

No Oxygen, mitocondria cant make ATP, Myosin heads cant release, body becomes stiff. Lysomes rupture and dissolve protein, and muscle fibers release

33
Q

What does the amount of force that a muscle fiber is capable of producing depend on?

A

Frequency of the stimulus, How much muscle is stretched, size of muscle fibers, amount of motor units

34
Q

the different phases of a single muscle contraction and, why do we have the latent period – what is causing this?

A

Latent,
contraction-release of Calcium landing on troponin.
relaxation-pumping Calcium back into the lateral sacks.
Because the Action Potential has to happen

35
Q

What is treppe?

A

completes relaxtion phase but a stimulus happens immediately after it ends

36
Q

What is incomplete tetanus?

A

Stimulus is applied before relaxtion phase completes itself.

37
Q

What is complete tetanus?

A

Before relaxation phase begins

38
Q

Explain the concept of wave summation

A

Concept of a muscle contraction, the stimulus is applied before the relaxation phase has ended.

39
Q

What toxin can interfere with muscle contractions and how does this toxin work?

A

Btx-blocks Vgated Sodium channels
TTx-Keeps Vgated Sodium channels open, stop Action P.
Curare-blocks Nicotinic chemical gated Sodium channels in the motor end plate

40
Q

What are the five steps of the contraction cycle?

A

Active site exposure, Cross bridge formation, Pivot of Myosin head, Cross-bridge deatachment, myosin reactivation

41
Q

Different types of skeletal muscle tissue and their functions.

A

Slow-endurance, lots of ATP & Myoglobin, Dark
Intermediate- in between
Fast-power, less ATP & Myoglobin, light.

42
Q

Are the same types of fibers found in a single motor unit?

A

In each motor unit the type of muscle fibers are the same.

43
Q

In terms of muscle fiber organization, which has the greatest endurance, allows for variable movements and which produce the greatest force?

A

Parallel muscles have high endurance.
Convergent allow variable movement.
Pennate muscle produce greatest force

44
Q

During the sliding filament theory, what is changing in size and what is not? And is the entire muscle fiber “contracting” or not

A

Muscle fiber and sacromere is changing shape. The entire muscle fiber is contracting because the muscle fiber is made up of sections of sacromeres.

45
Q

What determines the duration of a muscle contraction?

A

Duration of the neural stimulus
# of free calcium ions in sacroplasm
ATP availability

46
Q

Explain why Rigor Mortis happens and why it eventually goes away

A

No Oxygen, mitocondria cant make ATP, Myosin heads cant release, body becomes stiff. Lysomes rupture and dissolve protein, and muscle fibers release

47
Q

What does the amount of force that a muscle fiber is capable of producing depend on?

A

Frequency of the stimulus, How much muscle is stretched, size of muscle fibers, amount of motor units

48
Q

the different phases of a single muscle contraction and, why do we have the latent period – what is causing this?

A

Latent,
contraction-release of Calcium landing on troponin.
relaxation-pumping Calcium back into the lateral sacks.
Because the Action Potential has to happen

49
Q

What is treppe?

A

completes relaxtion phase but a stimulus happens immediately after it ends

50
Q

What is incomplete tetanus?

A

Stimulus is applied before relaxtion phase completes itself.

51
Q

What is complete tetanus?

A

Before relaxation phase begins

52
Q

Explain the concept of wave summation

A

Concept of a muscle contraction, the stimulus is applied before the relaxation phase has ended.

53
Q

Explain the concept of recruitment

A

smooth motion and increasing tension are produced by slowly increasing the size or number of motor units stimulated.

54
Q

What is Isotonic contraction

A

muscle changes in length resulting in motion

55
Q

What is Concentric contraction

A

Force greater than load muscle shortens

56
Q

What is eccentric contraction

A

Force is less than load, muscle lengthens

57
Q

What is isometric contraction

A

same length

58
Q

In terms of relative amounts which do we have more and less of - ATP, CP or glycogen stores?

A

More of glycogen, some Creatine Phospate, and less ATP.

59
Q

What are the different types of fuels (substrates) that can be used by the body to generate ATP?

A

Fatty acids, glucose, amino acids

60
Q

How do we generate more Creatine Phospahte, where in the muscle cell does this take place?

A

ATP, created by mitochondria, with creatine, converts creatine to “Creatine Phosphate”, takes place in the sarcoplasm.

61
Q

During aerobic and anaerobic metabolism what are we using as “fuel” to produce ATP?

A

Aerobic m. in the mito., O2, fatty acids, pyruvic acid, amio acids.
Anerobic m. in the sacroplasm, no O2,glucose to pyruvic acid, and use of creatine.

62
Q

In what regions/parts of a cell do we find aerobic and anaerobic metabolism taking place?

A

aerobic- in mitochondria

anaerobic-takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.

63
Q

What determines the metabolic pathway that a muscle cell uses to generate energy, and, what are those different pathways?

A

Activity level. Metabolic pathway-Cellular respiration-mito. makes ATP, Glycoloysis-Glucose to Pyruvic acid, Gluconeogenesis-Pyruvate to glucose from Lactate.

64
Q

What do mitochondria use and produce as they make ATP?

A

Mito. use Fatty acids,Glucose,amino acids,O2.Produce:ATP, CO2, H2O.

65
Q

Explain the Cori Cycle, and why is this not a very efficient pathway?

A

Glucose is converted to Pyruvate Acid by glycolysis, excess Pyruvate is converted to Lactic acid, lactic acid is sent to the liver, by the bloodstream, and through gluconeogensis, lactate is converted back to Pyruvate. It takes 6 ATP to convert Pyruvate back to glucose, and only getting 2ATP.

66
Q

What are the two different metabolic pathways for pyruvic acid?

A

Glycolysis, Gluconeogensis

67
Q

Define gluconeogenesis and what are examples of this process?

A

Define: Turning compound into glucose. Example Converting 2 Pyruvate to 1 glucose in the liver.

68
Q

Define hypertrophy an atrophy

A

hypertrophy:Lots of nourishment, muscles cells increase in diameter.
Atrophy:No nourishment to muscle cells,no movement.

Bio 241 (7 decks)

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