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Locomotor Anatomy > Skeletal Muscle and Movement > Flashcards

Skeletal Muscle and Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Smooth (Visceral) muscle

A
  • Involuntary
  • Not striated
  • Irregular fibre arrangement
  • 1 nuclei per fibre
  • Responds to nerve impulses, hormones, local stimuli
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2
Q

Describe Cardiac muscle

A
  • Involuntary
  • Striated
  • Regular fibre arrangement
  • 1-2 nuclei per fibre
  • Responds to nerve impulses, hormones and local stimuli
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3
Q

Describe Skeletal muscle

A
  • Voluntary
  • Striated
  • Regular fibre arrangement
  • Multinucleated
  • Responds to nerve impulses
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4
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Generate movements
  • Maintain posture
  • Protection
  • Storage
  • Promote blood flow
  • Heat production
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5
Q

What are the properties of muscle?

A
  • Excitability
  • Conductive
  • Contractibility
  • Extensibility
  • Elasticity
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6
Q

Describe the histology of building muscle

A

-Hierarchical
-Muscle
=Tissue-level
=Surrounded by epimysium (connective tissue)
-Fascicle
=Small ‘packets’ of muscle cells
-Surrounded by perimysium
=Arranged in many forms
=Blood vessels (larger arterioles)
-Muscle fibres
=Myocytes
=Multinucleated cells, periphery (contractile proteins push them to sides)
=Packed with contractile proteins
=Surrounded by endomysium

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7
Q

What is the Sarcomere?

A

-Each muscle fibre / cell contains numerous myofibrils
=Cylindrical contractile structures
-Each myofibril comprised of sarcomeres
=Contractile unit of muscle
=Repeating protein pattern
-Gives striated muscle its ‘striped’ appearance

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8
Q

What are the features of the Sarcomere?

A
  • Red: actin fibres (thin)
  • Blue: myosin fibres (thick)
  • I band: Actin only (light)
  • A band: Actin + myosin (dark)
  • H band / line: myosin only
  • M line: middle of sarcomere (hypothetical)
  • Z line: anchor of actin between sarcomeres
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9
Q

Describe the innervation of skeletal muscle

A

Skeletal muscle is voluntary

  • Responds to nerve impulses
  • Neuron releases neurotransmitter
  • Binds to receptors on motor end plate
  • Changes voltage (via Na+)
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ ions
  • Sarcomere contracts
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10
Q

What do muscles attach to?

A

-Muscles attach via tendons (or an aponeurosis)
-Usually muscle – bone
-Some exceptions
=e.g. muscles of facial expression attach to skin
-Tendon: regular dense fibrous connective tissue
=Tough, inelastic
-Ligaments (connects bones)= flexible, highly elastic

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11
Q

What is Muscle Attachment?

A

Anchorage point (both ends)

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12
Q

What is Origin?

A

Attachment to the stationary (or less mobile) bone in a joint

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13
Q

What is Insertion?

A

Attachment to the moveable (or more mobile) bone in a joint

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14
Q

How do muscles attach?

A

-Muscles blend into tendons at myotendinous junctions
-Muscular fibres and connective tissues interdigitate
=‘FLP’ – ‘finger like projections’
-Muscles blend into bone via the enthesis (where tendon meets bone)
-Transition from soft tissue to bone
-Usually fibrocartilaginous
-Important site for current research
=Repair of tendon damage (e.g. rotator cuff tears)

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15
Q

Describe muscle shape

A
  • Myofibrils arranged in parallel within fascicle
  • Fascicles may be arranged in a number of ways
  • Affects magnitude + direction of force
  • Maximum force: muscle mass
  • Maximum range: length of fibres
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16
Q

What are the muscle shapes?

A
  • Strap/ parallel (linear)
  • Quadrilateral (linear)
  • Intersected
  • Fusiform (common)
  • Digastric
  • Tricipital
  • Unipennate
  • Bipennate (multiple bellies, more feathered than Tricipital)
  • Circular
  • Multipennate
17
Q

Describe the deltoid muscle

A
  • Multipennate
  • Limited range of movement, adduction
  • Powerful= short, well anchored, large mass
18
Q

Describe the Sartorius

A
  • Strap/ parallel
  • Increased range of movement= long
  • Relatively weak= thin, less mass
19
Q

Describe lever systems

A
  • Muscles, bones and joints act together as lever systems
  • Allow movements to occur in set planes
  • Lever = bone
  • Fulcrum / Axis = joint
  • Applied force/ effort = muscle attachment (distal muscle insertion)
  • Load= weight of body part being moved
20
Q

What are the roles in muscle coordination?

A
  • Agonist
  • Synergist (supporting movement)
  • Antagonist
  • Fixators (does not directly act on joint)
21
Q

What is compartmentalisation?

A

-Muscles can be grouped together:
-Broad groupings are regional:
=Head and Neck
=Trunk
=Upper Limb
=Lower Limb
-Regions do interact
=(e.g. trunk muscles move upper limb

22
Q

What are the compartments of the upper limb?

A 
-Arm
=Anterior compartment
=Posterior compartment
-Forearm
=Anterior compartment
=Posterior compartment
-Hand
23
Q

What are the compartments of the lower limb?

A 
-Thigh
=Anterior compartment
=Posterior compartment
=Medial compartment
-Leg
=Anterior compartment
=Posterior compartment
=Lateral compartment
-Foot
24
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

Provide support / facilitate movement
Protection
Haematopoiesis
Mineral storage

25
Q

What are the bones are functions of the Axial skeleton?

A

Protection and posture

  • Skull
  • Vertebrae
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
26
Q

What are the bones and functions of the Appendicular skeleton?

A

Movement

  • Girdles
  • Long bones
  • Extremities
27
Q

What are the types of bone?

A 
Flat= sternum, skull
Irregular
Long= most common
Short= rectangular
Sesamoid= in tendon, patella
28
Q

Describe the anatomy of a bone

A 
-Not a static tissue
=Metabolically active
=Undergoing constant remodelling (1/10th bone mass renewed per year)
-Organic and inorganic components
=Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)
=Collagen (mainly type 1)
29
Q

What are the layers of the bone?

A
  • Periosteum= outer membranous connective tissue covering bone
  • Bone tissue= mineralised tissue, formed from cortical and trabecular bone
  • Endosteum= inner membranous connective-tissue lining marrow cavity
  • Bone marrow
30
Q

Describe the two types of bone

A 
-Cortical/ compact
=Tightly packed
=Formed of cylindrical sub-units (osteons)
=Rigid so resists compression
-Trabecular/ Spongy/ Cancellous
=Loosely arranged struts/ trabeculae
=Highly porous, filled with marrow
=Adaptable- stronger in multiple directions
31
Q

Describe bone histology of cortical bone

A 
-Cortical bone: osteons
=Central (Haversian) Canal
=Contains artery, vein and nerve
=Surrounded by concentric bone lamellae
-Sectioned bone: osteons easily identified
=Bone cell present: osteocytes
=Reside within lacunae
=Communicate via canaliculi small channels
32
Q

Describe bone histology of trabecular bone

A 
-Trabecular bone has similar structure
=Rounded layers of bone
=Osteocytes residing in lacunae
-Does not have central canal
-Nutrients diffuse directly from bone marrow
-Tiny= 100-150 micrometres

Locomotor Anatomy (6 decks)

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