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Locomotor Anatomy > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a joint?

A

Connection between two bones in the skeleton

  • Synovial= articular cavity
  • Solid= connective tissue
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2
Q

Describe Cartilage

A
  • Reinforces articulating surfaces
  • Supports soft tissue structures
  • Avascular, aneural
  • Able to tolerate stress and maintain flexibility
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3
Q

What is the Ultrastructure (1) of cartilage?

A
  • Produced by chondroblasts (flat irregular cells)

- Produces ECM which is composed mainly of collagen

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4
Q

What are Chondrocytes?

A

Chondroblasts that become less active with age

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5
Q

What is Lacunae?

A

Pools of ECM which contain the chondrocyte

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6
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic
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7
Q

How are joints classified?

A

-Type of tissue forming the joint
-Degree of movement across the joint:
=Fibrous tissue- synarthrosis movement
=Cartilaginous- amphiarthrosis movement
=Synovial- diarthrosis

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8
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A
  • Strong joints made up of tough fibrous tissue
  • Joined by dense connective tissue
  • Collagen is main constituent
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9
Q

What are the types of fibrous joints?

A
  • Sutures
  • Gomphoses
  • Syndesmoses
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10
Q

Describe Sutures

A
  • Immobile (synarthrosis)
  • Between flat bones of the skull
  • Important during birth (deformation)
  • Fixation around 20 years of age
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11
Q

Describe Gomphoses

A
  • Immobile (synarthrosis)
  • Between upper teeth and maxilla, and lower teeth and mandible
  • Periodontal ligament
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12
Q

Describe Syndesmoses

A
  • Slightly mobile (amphiarthroses)
  • Bone bound together by interosseous membrane
  • Middle radioulnar joint and middle tibiofibular joints
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13
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A
  • Bones are connected by either hyaline or fibrocartilage
  • Hyaline= glassy, semi-transparent
  • Fibrocartilage= hybrid tissue between dense fibrous connective tissue and hyaline cartilage
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14
Q

What are the types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  • Synchondroses

- Sympheses

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15
Q

Describe Synchondroses

A
  • Hyaline cartilage between bones
  • Immobile (synarthrosis)
  • Between diaphysis and epiphysis or growing long bone
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16
Q

Describe Sympheses

A
  • Fibrocartilage between bones
  • Slightly mobile (amphiarthrosis)
  • Pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints
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17
Q

What are synovial joints?

A
  • Fluid filled cavity within fibrous joint capsule
  • Highly mobile
  • Most common joint type in body
  • Subclasses (articular surface and movement)
  • Articular capsule, articular cartilage, synovial fluid
18
Q

What is the Articular Capsule?

A

-Continuous with periosteum
-Encloses the joint
-2 layers
=Fibrous layer (outer)- white fibrous tissue, capsular ligament
=Synovial layer (inner)- serous connective tissue, vascularized, synovium
-Synovium secretes synovial fluid and controls exchange of nutrients

19
Q

Describe Articular Cartilage

A
  • Articulating surfaces are covered in hyaline cartilage

- Cartilage reduces friction for movement and acts as shock absorber

20
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

-Lies in the joint cavity and acts to:
=Lubricate the joint
=Absorb shock
=Distribute nutrients to the articular cartilage (avascular)

21
Q

What are Accessory Ligaments?

A
  • Connective tissue

- Resist excess strain across joint

22
Q

What are Bursae?

A
  • Synovial fluid filled sac
  • Protective, cushions joint
  • Reduces friction
23
Q

Describe the Innervation of Synovial Joints

A
  • Articular nerves
  • Hilton’s law: the nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachments
24
Q

Describe Synovial joint vasculature

A
  • Articular arteries arise from vessels surrounding the joint
  • Lie within the synovial membrane
  • Form communications (anastomoses)
  • Articular veins
25
Q

What are the types of synovial joint?

A
  • Hinge
  • Saddle
  • Plane
  • Pivot
  • Condyloid
  • Ball and socket
26
Q

Describe a Hinge joint

A
  • Movement in 1 plane (flexion and extension)

- Found in the elbow, ankle and knee joints

27
Q

Describe a Saddle joint

A
  • Opposing articular surfaces (concave-convex)

- Found in carpometacarpal joints

28
Q

Describe a Plane joint

A
  • Flat articular surfaces
  • Bones glide over each other
  • Found in acromioclavicular joint of the shoulder and subtalar joint
29
Q

Describe a Pivot joint

A
  • Central bony pivot surrounded by ligamentous ring
  • Allows rotational movement
  • Found in atlantoaxial joint and proximal and distal radioulnar joints
30
Q

Describe a Condyloid joint

A
  • Also known as an ellipsoid joint
  • Convex surface articulating with concave surface
  • Found in joints of wrist, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints
31
Q

Describe a Ball and Socket joint

A
  • Ball shaped surface of one bone articulating with cup shaped surface of another bone
  • Highly mobile joint with movement across many axes
  • Found in joints of the hip and shoulder
32
Q

What are Synarthrosis joints?

A
  • Immovable, fixed joint
  • Fibrous connective tissue
  • Provide protection
  • Sutures of the skull
33
Q

What are Amphiarthrosis joints?

A
  • Slightly moveable
  • Fibrous and cartilaginous joints
  • Intervertebral joints of the spine, pubic symphysis of the pelvis
34
Q

What are Diarthrosis joints?

A
  • Freely moveable
  • All synovial joints
  • Appendicular skeleton
  • Uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial
35
Q

What is uniaxial?

A
  • Movement in 1 plane

- Hinge: elbow, knee, ankle

36
Q

What is biaxial?

A
  • Movement in 2 planes

- Condyloid: metacarpophalangeal joints

37
Q

What is multiaxial?

A
  • Movement in several planes (3 axes)

- Ball and Socket joints: shoulder, hip

38
Q

What factors affect joint stability?

A
  • Articular surfaces= size, shape, arrangement
  • Ligaments= number, rigidity
  • Muscle= tone, arrangement
39
Q

Describe the role of ligaments in joint stability

A
  • The more ligaments a joint has and the more rigid they are, the more stable the joint will be
  • Reduce movement across a joint
40
Q

Describe the role of muscles in joint stability

A
  • Increased muscle tone around a joint increases joint stability
  • Rotator cuff muscles around the shoulder joint

Locomotor Anatomy (6 decks)

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