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Locomotor Anatomy > Introduction to The Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Introduction to The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Shoulder?

A

-Attachment between the trunk and the upper limb
= Proximally: pectoral girdle (suspends)- where set of limbs meet the trunk (Scapula, Clavicle)
=Distally: humerus
-Synovial joint= fibrous capsule and synovial fluid
-Ball and Socket

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2
Q

Describe the Scapula

A
  • Complex bone= irregular shape
  • Suspended by soft tissues, few bony points
  • Directly articulates with humerus: glenohumeral joint (lie laterally)
  • Articulates with trunk via clavicle only superiorly
  • Triangular: 3 angles, 3 borders, 3 Fossae for muscle attachment
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3
Q

What are the features of the Scapula?

A

-Spine= raised ridge projecting away
-Acromion= protuberance, attachment of clavicle
-Coracoid Process= comma shaped, project superiorly, muscular and ligament attachments
-Glenoid Fossa= oval shaped lateral surface, apex of lateral angle, humeral head
-Superior Angle
-Inferior Angle
-Subscapular Fossa (large area, anterior, glide over posterior rib cage)
-Infraspinous Fossa (below spine)
-Supraspinous Fossa (above spine)
=Both for attachment of rotator cuff muscles
(Fossa= depressed or flat space for muscle attachment or bone articulation)

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4
Q

Describe the Clavicle

A
  • Relatively simple bone
  • Only bony attachment between trunk and upper limb (manubrium of sternum)
  • Two ends: Medial/sternal and Lateral/acromial
  • Two surfaces: superior and inferior
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5
Q

What are the features of the Clavicle?

A
  • Sternal (medial) end= rounded
  • Acromial (lateral) end= flattened
  • Anterior border
  • Posterior border
  • Superior surface= smooth, relatively featureless
  • Inferior surface= ridges, bumps, muscle attachment, proximal end
  • S shaped curvature= curve outwards anteriorly as you move laterally, then the further laterally will recurve posteriorly to flick out towards the shoulder
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6
Q

Describe the Proximal Humerus

A

-Long bone of the arm
-Rounded head proximally
-Neck (anatomical= line where articular surface of the head joins to the rougher cortical bone, surgical= lower down, areas that fractures more commonly, weaker)
-Irregular surfaces for muscle attachment
=Tubercle from ‘tuber’ swelling

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7
Q

What are the features of the Proximal Humerus?

A
  • Head, semi spherical
  • Anatomical neck
  • Surgical neck
  • Greater Tubercle (lateral and superior)-anterior aspect
  • Lesser Tubercle (smaller)
  • Intertubercular Groove (between two tubercles)
  • Deltoid Tuberosity- deltoid muscle inserts
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8
Q

Describe the joint between the Scapula and Clavicle

A

-Synovial joint between acromion process and lateral end of clavicle
-Bound together by ligaments
-Stability!
-Several small groups:
=Named for features they connect
=E.g. Coraco-acromial ligament

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9
Q

Describe the Glenohumeral joint

A

-Glenoid fossa (oval shaped) of scapula and head of humerus
-Primarily supported by musculature
=Rotator cuff (wrap anteriorly and posteriorly), deltoid (caps outer aspect)
-Facilitates high degree of movement
-Capsule has ‘free’ tissue to aid movement

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10
Q

What are the movements of the shoulder (anatomical shoulder)?

A
  • Flexion / Extension
  • Abduction / Adduction
  • Medial (internal) rotation / Lateral (external) rotation
  • Circumduction
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11
Q

What are the movements of the Scapula?

A
  • Elevation / Depression (shrug)
  • Protraction / Retraction (round and stretch)
  • Rotation (medial and lateral)
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12
Q

What is the Hip?

A

-Articulation between trunk and lower limb
-Major biomechanical structure
=Transfers weight of body to lower limb
=Facilitates bipedal locomotion- stand upright
-Proximally: Pelvic Girdle (3 linked bony structures)
-Distally: Proximal Femur (distal bone and long bone of thigh)
-Synovial ball and socket joint

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13
Q

Describe the Pelvic Girdle

A

-Tightly bound complex: ‘hip bones’ and sacrum
=‘hip bone’ = innominate or ‘os coxa’ (no name)
-Single midline complex (shoulder bilateral)
-Three joints within pelvic girdle:
=2x sacroiliac joints (posteriorly), bilateral, modified synovial, rigid
=Pubic symphysis, secondary cartilaginous joint, brace between innominate bones in midline
-Only one innominate is directly involved in each hip joint.

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14
Q

What is the Innominate?

A

-Oddly-shaped bone
-Formed from 3 separate bones in childhood:
=Ilium= broad and flat projecting superiorly
=Ischium= comma shaped with large tuberosity
=Pubis= meet in midline to form symphysis
-Fuse together in teenage years
-Retain independent identity in adulthood!

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15
Q

What are the features of the Innominate?

A
  • Ilium (superior)
  • Ischium (posterior)
  • Pubis (anterior)
  • Acetabulum= socket (vinegar cup, open lip)
  • Acetabular notch= gap in socket
  • Obturator Foreamen= triangular opening, passageway of nerves and vessels
  • Iliac Crest (upper most margin)
  • Iliac Fossa (dark patches on radiograph= air present within the large intestines of ascending colon) and Iliac Spines
  • Greater Sciatic Notch (depressions)
  • Ischial Spine= between sciatic notches
  • Lesser Sciatic Notch (depression)
  • Ischial Tuberosity= site for muscle attachment/ bum bone
  • Ischiopubic Ramus (bar or strut)
  • Superior Pubic Ramus
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16
Q

Describe the Proximal Femur

A
  • Longest (and strongest?) bone in the body
  • Bony support for the thigh
  • Joins the hip joint superiorly to knee joint inferiorly
  • Similarities to humerus
  • Elongated long proximal end
  • Flattened, widened distal end
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17
Q

What are the features of the Proximal Femur?

A
  • Head
  • Neck (elongated, medial)
  • Fovea Capitis (indentation for ligament attachment in middle of head)
  • Greater Trochanter (musculature) (lateral and superior)
  • Lesser Trochanter (medial and smaller)- posterior aspect
  • Intertrochanteric Crest= deep ridge, posterior
  • Intertrochanteric Line= smaller fainter ridge, anterior
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18
Q

Describe the Hip Joint

A

-Synovial ball-and-socket
-Tight articulation between the acetabulum and head of femur
=Structures grow together during childhood
=Bony stability high
-Reinforced by ligaments
=Extracapsular= outside of capsule (3)
= Intracapsular (3)
-Designed to reduce force needed to stand upright- extracapsular ligament wrap
-Support weakest when flexed and medially rotated (increase laxity)

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19
Q

Describe the Movements at the Hip

A

-Similar number of movements to shoulder
-Mobility greatly reduced
-Preferential selection for stability instead
-Movements include:
=Flexion / Extension
=Abduction / Adduction
=Medial / Lateral Rotation
=Circumduction

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20
Q

What is the Elbow?

A

-Articulation between the arm and forearm
-Complex arrangement
=Contains 3 separate joints
-Proximal: Distal humerus
-Distal: Ulna (medial)
Radius (lateral)
-Synovial Joint
-Hinge

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21
Q

Describe the Distal Humerus

A

-Broad, flattened articular region
-Two articular surfaces
=Trochlea (spool shape) – for ulna (C shape of ulna cups around)
=Capitulum – for radius, little head
-Three depressions to allow bones to ‘tuck in’ together, above trochlea
-Condyle of humerus as articular surface continuous

22
Q

What are the features of the Distal Humerus?

A
  • Trochlea (larger, inferiorly projected)
  • Capitulum (smaller and flatter)
  • Olecranon Fossa (posterior, largest fossa)
  • Coronoid Fossa= above trochlea
  • Radial Fossa= above capitulum
  • Medial Epicondyle= larger (bulges beside the condyle)
  • Lateral Epicondyle= slight, muscles and ligament attachment
23
Q

What are the bones of the forearm?

A 
-Ulna: medial= longer, triangular shaped and tapered distally
=Longer with relatively thin diaphysis
=Expanded proximal end at elbow
-Radius: lateral
=Shorter and broader
=Cylindrical proximally, rounded head
=Expanded distal end at wrist
24
Q

What are the features of the Radius?

A
  • Head, circular head, prevent twisting
  • Neck
  • Radial Tuberosity= muscle attachment
  • Ulnar Notch radius cups around distal end of ulna
  • Styloid Process= medial and lateral edges terminate in pointed projection- above thumb
25
Q

What are the features of the Ulna?

A
  • Head
  • Trochlear notch= C shape, ulna wrap around trochlea of humerus
  • Radial Notch= scalloped notch
  • Coronoid Process (anterior point)
  • Styloid Process= above little finger
  • Olecranon Process (posterior)= point of elbow
26
Q

Describe the Elbow joint

A

-Synovial hinge: limited movement= single plane
-Three joints at ‘elbow’
=Humerus – ulna (‘main’ elbow articulation)
=Humerus – radius
=Radius – ulna (proximal radio-ulnar joint)- stop twisting movement
-Stabilised by bony articulation
-Ligaments provide additional support

27
Q

Describe the movements at the elbow

A 
-Movements are simple:
=Flexion
=Extension
-Approx.. 1400 motion
-Minimal hyperextension
=Movement restricted by olecranon process
28
Q

Describe the movements at the Radioulnar joints

A

-Proximal and distal radioulnar joints
-Supported by ligaments
-Radius and ulna connected by interosseous membrane
-Facilitates ‘twisting’ movements
-Pronation / Supination (annular ligament)
=Crossing of radius over ulna

29
Q

What are the bones of the hand?

A

-Three ‘sets’ of bones
=Proximally: 8 carpal =bones, irregular shape at base of hands, broadly in two rows (proximal and distal rows)= Scaphoid, Lunate, (articulate with radius) Triquetral, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
=Centrally: 5 metacarpal bones (4 carpals articulate)
Distally: 14 phalanges
(Arranged in 3 rows)

30
Q

What are the features of the Distal Humerus?

A
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Carpal (x8)
  • Metacarpal (x5)
  • Proximal Phalanx (x5)
  • Intermediate Phalanx (x4)
  • Distal Phalanx (x5)
31
Q

Describe the Wrist Joint

A

-Radiocarpal Joint
=Between radius and two carpals proximally: (Scaphoid= lateral and comma shaped, Lunate= quadrangular, medial view= crescent moon shape)
-Synovial ellipsoid joint= oval shape
-Supported by ligaments and surrounding muscles

32
Q

What are the movements of the wrist?

A
  • Highly mobile
  • Complex range of movements
  • Flexion / Extension
  • Abduction / Adduction
  • Circumduction
33
Q

What is the knee?

A

-Articulation between the thigh and leg
-Three bones articulate here:
=Proximal: Distal femur
=Centrally: Patella (sesamoid= dwells within a tendon)
=Distal: Tibia (medial bone)
-The fibula in the leg does not form part of the knee joint
-Modified hinge joint (single plane with additions)

34
Q

Describe the Distal Femur

A

-Broad, flattened articular region
-Approximately triangular in shape
-Articular condyle forms ‘V’ shape
=Medial and lateral condyles
=Small notch anteriorly for patella- patellar groove and surface for articulation

35
Q

What are the features of the Distal Femur?

A
  • Medial Condyle= kink bends away from direct plane
  • Lateral Condyle= sits more straight
  • Intercondylar Notch/Fossa (between condyles)
  • Medial Epicondyle (above articulating surface)
  • Lateral Epicondyle
  • Patellar Surface
36
Q

What are the bones of the leg?

A 
-Tibia: medial
=Broad, robust bone- superior aspect
=Flattened proximal surface
=Triangular cross-section (squares off distally)
-Fibula: lateral
=Very long and thin= match stick
=Irregularly shaped
=Does not articulate as part of the knee (10% body weight transmission, stabilising)
37
Q

What are the features of the Tibia?

A
  • Medial Condyle= more oval
  • Lateral Condyle= more circular
  • Intercondylar Eminence= raised protuberance
  • Tibial Tuberosity= main sites of muscle attachment
  • Fibular articular Facet= posterior and lateral
  • Medial Malleolus- bulges distal
  • Fibular Notch= site against fibula
38
Q

What are the features of the Fibula?

A

-Head
-Lateral Malleolus (distal)
-Malleolar Fossa
-Talar Facet
/ Talar articular surface

39
Q

Describe the Knee joint

A

-Synovial hinge: limited movement
-Modified hinge
=Also permits rotational movements
-Supported extensively by ligaments
=Collateral ligaments (outer/external layer)
=Cruciate ligaments (deeper, intracapsular- join eminence inferiorly to condyles superiorly)
=Menisci (inferiorly, fibrocartilaginous wedges)

40
Q

What are the movements at the knee?

A

-Primary movements are simple:
=Flexion
=Extension
-Approx.. 1300 – 1500 motion
-Patella facilitates movement
=Alters line of action of thigh muscles
-Passive rotation of the knee creates ‘lock’ when extended
-Increases stability
-Reduces energy required to remain upright
-Two descriptions:
=Medial rotation of femur on tibia (passive)
=Lateral rotation of tibia on femur (popliteus)
-Some active rotation also possible during knee flexion

41
Q

What are the bones of the foot?

A

-Not discussed in detail throughout MBChB anatomy (Y1 or Y4)
-Similar structure to hand
=7 Tarsals
=5 Metatarsals
=14 Phalanges
(Same number and distribution as hand)

42
Q

What are the features of the bones of the foot?

A
  • Tarsals (x7)
  • Talus= upper bone, only bone that directly articulates with leg bones
  • Calcaneus= large bone, heel bone, large tuberosity (palpate)
  • Navicular
  • Medial, Lateral and Intermediate cuneiform
  • Cuboid
  • Metatarsal (x5)
  • Proximal Phalanx (x5)
  • Intermediate Phalanx (x4)
  • Distal Phalanx (x5)
43
Q

Describe the Ankle

A

-‘Colloquial’ ankle: three separate groups of joints
=Talocrural joint: anatomical ankle (modified hinge synovial)
=Subtalar joint
=Transverse tarsal joints (anterior)
-Permit different types of movements
-Held together by medial and lateral collateral ligaments

44
Q

What are the movements of the ankle/ foot

A 
-Talocrural Joint
=Hinge joint
=Flexion / Extension only
=Plantarflexion / dorsiflexion
-Subtalar and Transverse Tarsal Joints
=‘twisting’ movements of foot
=Inversion and Eversion
-No rotation
45
Q

Describe the musculature of the limbs

A

-Joints of the limbs each have unique requirements
-One movement = one muscle is impractical and inefficient
-A complex range of muscles are present in each limb
-Each individual muscle may:
=Contribute to a number of separate movements
=Affect movements across multiple joints
=Work in combination with others to produce movement

46
Q

What is Compartmentalisation?

A

-Individual muscles are arranged in groups (discreet related bundles of muscles)
-Each group shares a similar set of properties
=Position within the body
=Type of movement initiated
=Innervation
=Blood supply
-Each limb segment contains a number of different compartments:
=Girdles and extremities are a little unique due to complex movement
-Upper limb segments: two compartments (arm and forearm, anterior and posterior)
-Lower limb segments: three compartments (leg and thigh, anterior, posterior and medial/ lateral)

47
Q

What are the general rules of compartments?

A

-The majority of structures in a compartment share most features
=Exceptions exist in most compartments
-The muscles of a limb segment act to move the joint distal to their position
=E.g. muscles of arm move the forearm via the elbow (thigh exception)
-Position is key to understanding= can only pull together/ across a joint
-When naming – list both the position and the region!

48
Q

What are the compartments of the Upper Limb?

A

-Arm:
=Anterior: Flexion of elbow
=Posterior: Extension of elbow

-Forearm:
=Anterior (medially): Flexion of wrist
=Posterior (laterally, anterior wrapping): Extension of wrist

49
Q

What are the compartments of the Lower Limb?

A 
-Thigh:
=Anterior: Flexion of hip, extension of knee
=Posterior: Extension of hip, flexion of knee
=Medial: Adduction of hip
-Leg:
=Anterior: Dorsiflexion of foot
=Posterior: Plantarflexion of foot
=Lateral: Eversion of foot
50
Q

Describe the patella

A

-Apex
-Anterior surface
-Medial and lateral articular surfaces
=Place patella on flat surface with apex away from you and articular surfaces on the table, it will fall to the side of the body it belongs to (lateral surface larger than the medial surface)
=Suspended anterior to the patellar surface superiorly by quadriceps tendon, inferiorly by patellar ligament

51
Q

Why is the patella important?

A
  • Needed to allow the whole motion of knee extension
  • Creating force with the quadriceps
  • Transmits the extensor forces along with a longer lever arm, increasing the distance (moment) from the axis of rotation, increasing mechanical advantage

Locomotor Anatomy (6 decks)

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