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MSK A > Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main types of muscle?

A

Striated and non-striated

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2
Q

What is the difference between the two different types of muscle?

A

In striated muscle, the arrangement of the myofibrillar apparatus produces a banding pattern.

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3
Q

What are the different types of striated muscle?

A

Skeletal and cardiac

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4
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle?

A

Movement, posture, joint stability and heat generation

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5
Q

What are the main groups in which skeletal muscle can be arranged?

A

Circular , parallel and pennate

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6
Q

hat are the most common arrangement of skeletal muscle?

A

Parallel

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7
Q

What are the three main categories of parallel muscle?

A

Strap, fusiform and fan shaped

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8
Q

Describe parallel muscles

A

Fibres run parallel to force generating axis

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9
Q

Describe strap muscles

A

Shaped like strap or belt. Fibres run longitudinally to contraction direction

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10
Q

Describe fusiform muscles

A

Wider and cylinderically shaped in the centre. Taper off at the end

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11
Q

Describe fan shaped muscle

A

Fibres converge at one end and spread over broad area at other end

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12
Q

Give an example for strap muscle

A

Sartorius

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13
Q

Give an example of fusiform muscle

A

Biceps brachii

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14
Q

Give an example of a fan shaped muscle

A

Pectoralis major

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15
Q

Describe circular muscles

A

Act as sphincters to adjust opening

Concentric fibres

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16
Q

What do circular muscle attach to?

A

Attach to skin, ligament and fascia rather than bone

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17
Q

Describe pennate muscle

A

One or more aponeurosis run through muscle body from tendon

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18
Q

What are the different types of pennate muscle?

A

Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

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19
Q

Describe unipennate muscles

A

All fascicles on the same tendon

20
Q

Describe bipennate muscles

A

Fascicles on both sides of central tendon

21
Q

Describe multipennate muscles

A

Central tendon branches and fascicles run off each branch

22
Q

Example of unipennate muscle

A

Extensor digitorum longus

23
Q

Example of bipennate

A

Rectum femoris

24
Q

Example of multipennate

A

Deltoid

25
Q

What are ‘compartments’

A

Limbs divided into compartments delineated by fascia

26
Q

What can trauma in one compartment cause?

A

Internal bleeding with exerts pressure on blood vessels and nerves. This can give rise to compartment syndrome

27
Q

What is a muscle agonist?

A

Primer movers (main muscle responsible for a particular movement)

28
Q

What is a muscle antagonist?

A

Oppose prime movers

29
Q

What is a muscle synergist?

A

Assist primer movers (acting alone they can’t perform the movement but their angle of pull assist)

30
Q

What are muscle neutralisers?

A

Prevent the unwanted actions that an agonist can perform

31
Q

What are muscle fixators?

A

Act to hols a body part immobile whist another body part is moving

32
Q

What are the two main types of contraction?

A

Isotonic contraction

Isometric contraction

33
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

Constant length, variable tension (muscle generates tension but is not shortening) eg hand grip

34
Q

What’s isotonic contraction?

A

Constant tension, variable muscle length - the muscle changes length and moves the loa d

35
Q

What are the different types of isotonic contraction?

A

Concentric and eccentric

36
Q

What is concentric contraction?

A

Muscle shortens eg lifting load with the arm

37
Q

What is eccentric contraction?

A

Muscle exerts a force while being extended eg walking downhill

38
Q

What is a first class lever?

A

Effort at one end lost at other.

Extension and flexion of the head

39
Q

What is a second class lever?

A 
Effort at one end, fulcrum at other.
Tip toes (plantar flexion of foot)
40
Q

What is a third class lever?

A

Effort between load and fulcrum.

Flexion of elbow

41
Q

What are the three main muscle fibre types?

A

Slow type I
Fast type II A
Fast type II X

42
Q

What are the muscle fibre type based on?

A

Myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression

43
Q

What are the two ways in which muscles are controlled in the body?

A

Size principle and rate code

44
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

Healthy muscles never fully relaxed and retain amount of tension and stiffness (muscle tone)

45
Q

What is the baseline muscles tone due to?

A

Motor neurone activity and muscle elasticity

46
Q

What is hypotonia?

A

Lack of skeletal muscle tone

Symptom rather than condition

47
Q

What is myotonia?

A

Inability to relax muscles at will

MSK A (10 decks)

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