Skeletal consideration for movement Flashcards
What do bones require to grow and strengthen?
Mechanical stess
What is apart of the skeletal system?
Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints
What is physical activity important for?
Development, maintenance of skeletal intergrity and strength
What may cause osteoclast to activate?
A sedimentary lifestyle
What creates the greatest overload?
Muscle activity with external loads
What are 2 properties that bone has?
anisotropic and viscoelastic
What response depends on the direction of the load application?
Anisotropic
What response depends on the rate and duration of loading?
Viscoelastic
What allows bones to adapt to the force demand?
Viscoelastic
What can happen to stress over time?
The viscoelastic property of the bone can only stand a certain duration therefore things like stress fractures can occur
What is Wolffs Law?
Bone will be thicker at areas of high stress, and thinner at areas of low stress
Where is spongy bone found?
High stress areas
What is a response to decreased stress?
Bones become weaker, osteoclasts dominate
What is a response to increased stress
bones become stronger, osteoblasts dominate
What are some goals of physical activity in adolescents and adult hood?
Exercise may help attenuate loss
At what age does minimize decline and decrease by .05% per year?
40 years old
Who might lose a significant amount of bone mass?
Astronauts
When does your body adapt to carry least amount of bone mass?
Inactivity
What are the different types of loading
Compression, tension,sheer, torsion, Bending
What load does muscle apply to bones
Tension
What is considered compression?
Walking ( floor and body are applying equal pressure)
What force has the highest risk of injury
Sheer ( pressure is being applied to the shaft)
What force is compression and tension combined?
Bending
Sheer force of bone is a ______ and torsion is a type of ________
compression, tension
Most compression comes from______ and most tension comes from _________.
The ground/body weight, muscle attachment
Stress equals
force applied
Strain equals
Deformation
What is the failure point in a bone?
Fracture
What are the 2 regions in the bone ( stress strain curve)
Elastic and plastic
When does the bone restore to normal shape?
When pressure is done being applied( elastic regions)
In what region would permanent deformation be in the bone?
Plastic region
What region is the quickest?
Plastic
What can this graph tell us?
Bone can handle a lot of Compression and not alot of shear force
What does the idealized stress strain curve tell us?
The about of force a material can handle before breaking and its pliability
what force is perpendicular?
Shear
What force is shown?
Compression
What force is shown?
Tension
What force is shown?
Shear
What force is shown?
Torsion
What force is shown?
Bending
What are the 2 types of bone fractures?
Traumatic and Stress fracture
When does a traumatic fracture occur?
When the bone goes past the plastic region
Resorption ______ bone
weakens
What can stress fracture result from
Low nutrients and repetitive muscle forces pulling on bone, muscle fatigue, not enough rest
What does muscle fatigue cause
reduced shock absorption
10% of injuries to who?
Athletes
What are 2 bone disorders
Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis
How can you reduce the risk of osteoporosis
proper nutrition and regular exercise
What is osteoarthritis?
Degenerative joint disease
What kind of person can have early-onset Osteoarthritis?
An athlete or someone with a history of a major injury to the joint
Osteoporosis is more common in women than men. True of False?
True
When does osteoporosis occur?
When resorption exceeds deposition, bones become porous and brittle.
Cartilage is firm, flexible _______
Tissue
Does cartilage have a blood supply or nerves?
No
How is cartilage nourished?
Fluid within joint
What is the function of Cartilage
reduces contact stress
What causes “cartilage pain”
The bones rubbing together under the cartilage
What are the 2 types of cartilage?
Articular/ hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage
Where does articular cartilage cover joint ends at?
articulations
Articular cartilage is _______ with __________ properties
Anisotropic, viscoelastic
What is an example of fibrocartilage
A lateral and medial meniscus, jaw, intervertebral disks
What are the functions of Fibrocartilage
Improve fit between bones, and Intermediary between hyaline cartilage other connections
Where is fibrocartilage located
In areas of high-pressure demands
What connects bone to bone
ligaments
What do ligaments consist of?
Collagen, elastin, and reticulin fibers
What two things have the same stress strain curve
Ligaments and tendons ( tendons are more elastic however)
What is the toe region?
Ligaments at rest
What do ligaments help?
They help prevent excessive movement
When there is an injury to ligament it is called a _______.
Sprain
What are the 3 types of ligaments
Capsular, extra capsular, and intracapsular
What is a Gh jt ligaments?
Capsular
what are the MCL and LCL of the knee
Extracapsular
What are the acl and pcl of the knee
Intracapsular
What do synovial joints have ?
Synovial cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, blood supply( not direct) , articular cartilages, and reinforcing ligaments
What are the types of diarthrodial joints?
Plane/ gliding, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Ellipsoid, Saddle, Ball-and-socket
What joint(s) are non axial ?
Plane/gliding ( bones shift to create movement else were.
What joint(s) are uniaxial?
Hinge and pivot
What joint(s) are biaxial?
Condylar, Ellipsoid, Saddle
What joint(s) are multiaxial
Ball-and-Socket and Saddle
What’s an example of Plane/ gliding
Mid and inter carpal jts
What’s an example of hinge
Interphalangeal and ulnohumeral
What’s an example of Pivot?
Radioulnar
What’s an example of condylar?
Metacarpophalangeal jt of digs 2-5, and tibiofemoral
What’s an example of Ellipsoid?
Radiocarpal
What’s an example of Saddle
Carpometacarpal of thumb
What’s an example of Ball and socket?
Glenohumeral and Coxofemoral
What joints allow no movement?
Synarthrodial or Fibrous joints
What is the primary role of synarthrodial joints?
Stabilization
What joints are held together by fibrous articulations
Sutures of skull
How much movement is allowed with amphiarthrodial joints?
Limited movement, more than synarthorodial but much less than diarthrodial
What are bones made of?
25-30% water and 60-70% minerals and collagen
What are the functions of the skeleton?
Protection, storage, blood cell formation, support, attachment sites, movement and leverage
What type of cell is a osteoblast?
Bone forming cells
What are former osteoblasts that become trapped in the matrix they have deposited?
Osteocytes
What are bone dissolving cells found on the bone surface?
Osteoclast
Calcitonin inhibits _________
Osteoclasts
Parathyroid activates __________.
osteoclast
What percentage of the osseous extracellular metric is organic components?
35
What are the organic components?
Collagen fibers, osteoblasts, ground substance
What creates the hardness of the bone?
Hydroxyapatite
What happens if mineral is removed?
too pliable
What happens if collagen is removed?
too brittle
What are the 2 types of bone?
Spongy(cancellous) and compact
Where is bone marrow found in spongy bone?
Between/around trabeculae
What are the different types of bone?
Long, short, flat sesmoid, and irregular
What is the function of long bone?
leverage and movement
What is the function of short bone?
balance of movement and stability
What is the function of flat bone?
protection and muscle attachment
What is the function of sesamoid bone?
helps with distribution of force
what is the function of irregular bone?
protection
Where does bone growth come from?
Growth plate
The growth plate is _________ when you are still growing and turns to ________ in adulthood.
cartilage, bone
When should all epiphyseal closure end?
25 years old
