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Structural Kinesiology > Skeletal consideration for movement > Flashcards

Skeletal consideration for movement Flashcards

1
Q

What do bones require to grow and strengthen?

A

Mechanical stess

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2
Q

What is apart of the skeletal system?

A

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints

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3
Q

What is physical activity important for?

A

Development, maintenance of skeletal intergrity and strength

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4
Q

What may cause osteoclast to activate?

A

A sedimentary lifestyle

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5
Q

What creates the greatest overload?

A

Muscle activity with external loads

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6
Q

What are 2 properties that bone has?

A

anisotropic and viscoelastic

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7
Q

What response depends on the direction of the load application?

A

Anisotropic

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8
Q

What response depends on the rate and duration of loading?

A

Viscoelastic

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9
Q

What allows bones to adapt to the force demand?

A

Viscoelastic

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10
Q

What can happen to stress over time?

A

The viscoelastic property of the bone can only stand a certain duration therefore things like stress fractures can occur

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11
Q

What is Wolffs Law?

A

Bone will be thicker at areas of high stress, and thinner at areas of low stress

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12
Q

Where is spongy bone found?

A

High stress areas

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13
Q

What is a response to decreased stress?

A

Bones become weaker, osteoclasts dominate

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14
Q

What is a response to increased stress

A

bones become stronger, osteoblasts dominate

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15
Q

What are some goals of physical activity in adolescents and adult hood?

A

Exercise may help attenuate loss

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16
Q

At what age does minimize decline and decrease by .05% per year?

A

40 years old

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17
Q

Who might lose a significant amount of bone mass?

A

Astronauts

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18
Q

When does your body adapt to carry least amount of bone mass?

A

Inactivity

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19
Q

What are the different types of loading

A

Compression, tension,sheer, torsion, Bending

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20
Q

What load does muscle apply to bones

A

Tension

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21
Q

What is considered compression?

A

Walking ( floor and body are applying equal pressure)

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22
Q

What force has the highest risk of injury

A

Sheer ( pressure is being applied to the shaft)

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23
Q

What force is compression and tension combined?

A

Bending

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24
Q

Sheer force of bone is a ______ and torsion is a type of ________

A

compression, tension

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25
Q

Most compression comes from______ and most tension comes from _________.

A

The ground/body weight, muscle attachment

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26
Q

Stress equals

A

force applied

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27
Q

Strain equals

A

Deformation

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28
Q

What is the failure point in a bone?

A

Fracture

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29
Q

What are the 2 regions in the bone ( stress strain curve)

A

Elastic and plastic

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30
Q

When does the bone restore to normal shape?

A

When pressure is done being applied( elastic regions)

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31
Q

In what region would permanent deformation be in the bone?

A

Plastic region

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32
Q

What region is the quickest?

A

Plastic

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33
Q

What can this graph tell us?

A

Bone can handle a lot of Compression and not alot of shear force

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34
Q

What does the idealized stress strain curve tell us?

A

The about of force a material can handle before breaking and its pliability

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35
Q

what force is perpendicular?

A

Shear

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36
Q

What force is shown?

A

Compression

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37
Q

What force is shown?

A

Tension

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38
Q

What force is shown?

A

Shear

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39
Q

What force is shown?

A

Torsion

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40
Q

What force is shown?

A

Bending

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41
Q

What are the 2 types of bone fractures?

A

Traumatic and Stress fracture

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42
Q

When does a traumatic fracture occur?

A

When the bone goes past the plastic region

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43
Q

Resorption ______ bone

A

weakens

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44
Q

What can stress fracture result from

A

Low nutrients and repetitive muscle forces pulling on bone, muscle fatigue, not enough rest

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45
Q

What does muscle fatigue cause

A

reduced shock absorption

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46
Q

10% of injuries to who?

A

Athletes

47
Q

What are 2 bone disorders

A

Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis

48
Q

How can you reduce the risk of osteoporosis

A

proper nutrition and regular exercise

49
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Degenerative joint disease

50
Q

What kind of person can have early-onset Osteoarthritis?

A

An athlete or someone with a history of a major injury to the joint

51
Q

Osteoporosis is more common in women than men. True of False?

A

True

52
Q

When does osteoporosis occur?

A

When resorption exceeds deposition, bones become porous and brittle.

53
Q

Cartilage is firm, flexible _______

A

Tissue

54
Q

Does cartilage have a blood supply or nerves?

A

No

55
Q

How is cartilage nourished?

A

Fluid within joint

56
Q

What is the function of Cartilage

A

reduces contact stress

57
Q

What causes “cartilage pain”

A

The bones rubbing together under the cartilage

58
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilage?

A

Articular/ hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage

59
Q

Where does articular cartilage cover joint ends at?

A

articulations

60
Q

Articular cartilage is _______ with __________ properties

A

Anisotropic, viscoelastic

61
Q

What is an example of fibrocartilage

A

A lateral and medial meniscus, jaw, intervertebral disks

62
Q

What are the functions of Fibrocartilage

A

Improve fit between bones, and Intermediary between hyaline cartilage other connections

63
Q

Where is fibrocartilage located

A

In areas of high-pressure demands

64
Q

What connects bone to bone

A

ligaments

65
Q

What do ligaments consist of?

A

Collagen, elastin, and reticulin fibers

66
Q

What two things have the same stress strain curve

A

Ligaments and tendons ( tendons are more elastic however)

67
Q

What is the toe region?

A

Ligaments at rest

68
Q

What do ligaments help?

A

They help prevent excessive movement

69
Q

When there is an injury to ligament it is called a _______.

A

Sprain

70
Q

What are the 3 types of ligaments

A

Capsular, extra capsular, and intracapsular

71
Q

What is a Gh jt ligaments?

A

Capsular

72
Q

what are the MCL and LCL of the knee

A

Extracapsular

73
Q

What are the acl and pcl of the knee

A

Intracapsular

74
Q

What do synovial joints have ?

A

Synovial cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, blood supply( not direct) , articular cartilages, and reinforcing ligaments

75
Q

What are the types of diarthrodial joints?

A

Plane/ gliding, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Ellipsoid, Saddle, Ball-and-socket

76
Q

What joint(s) are non axial ?

A

Plane/gliding ( bones shift to create movement else were.

77
Q

What joint(s) are uniaxial?

A

Hinge and pivot

78
Q

What joint(s) are biaxial?

A

Condylar, Ellipsoid, Saddle

79
Q

What joint(s) are multiaxial

A

Ball-and-Socket and Saddle

80
Q

What’s an example of Plane/ gliding

A

Mid and inter carpal jts

81
Q

What’s an example of hinge

A

Interphalangeal and ulnohumeral

82
Q

What’s an example of Pivot?

A

Radioulnar

83
Q

What’s an example of condylar?

A

Metacarpophalangeal jt of digs 2-5, and tibiofemoral

84
Q

What’s an example of Ellipsoid?

A

Radiocarpal

85
Q

What’s an example of Saddle

A

Carpometacarpal of thumb

86
Q

What’s an example of Ball and socket?

A

Glenohumeral and Coxofemoral

87
Q

What joints allow no movement?

A

Synarthrodial or Fibrous joints

88
Q

What is the primary role of synarthrodial joints?

A

Stabilization

89
Q

What joints are held together by fibrous articulations

A

Sutures of skull

90
Q

How much movement is allowed with amphiarthrodial joints?

A

Limited movement, more than synarthorodial but much less than diarthrodial

91
Q

What are bones made of?

A

25-30% water and 60-70% minerals and collagen

92
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

Protection, storage, blood cell formation, support, attachment sites, movement and leverage

93
Q

What type of cell is a osteoblast?

A

Bone forming cells

94
Q

What are former osteoblasts that become trapped in the matrix they have deposited?

A

Osteocytes

95
Q

What are bone dissolving cells found on the bone surface?

A

Osteoclast

96
Q

Calcitonin inhibits _________

A

Osteoclasts

97
Q

Parathyroid activates __________.

A

osteoclast

98
Q

What percentage of the osseous extracellular metric is organic components?

A

35

99
Q

What are the organic components?

A

Collagen fibers, osteoblasts, ground substance

100
Q

What creates the hardness of the bone?

A

Hydroxyapatite

101
Q

What happens if mineral is removed?

A

too pliable

102
Q

What happens if collagen is removed?

A

too brittle

103
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A

Spongy(cancellous) and compact

104
Q

Where is bone marrow found in spongy bone?

A

Between/around trabeculae

105
Q

What are the different types of bone?

A

Long, short, flat sesmoid, and irregular

106
Q

What is the function of long bone?

A

leverage and movement

107
Q

What is the function of short bone?

A

balance of movement and stability

108
Q

What is the function of flat bone?

A

protection and muscle attachment

109
Q

What is the function of sesamoid bone?

A

helps with distribution of force

110
Q

what is the function of irregular bone?

A

protection

111
Q

Where does bone growth come from?

A

Growth plate

112
Q

The growth plate is _________ when you are still growing and turns to ________ in adulthood.

A

cartilage, bone

113
Q

When should all epiphyseal closure end?

A

25 years old

114
Q
A

Structural Kinesiology (9 decks)

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