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skeletal connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what are the characteristics of cartilages

A
  • avascular
  • contain perichondrium
  • few cells
  • extracellular matrix (95%)
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2
Q

what are the functions of cartilages

A
  • movement - joins bones firmly together
  • support - maintain shape of organs
  • growth - hyaline cartilage is responsible for longitudinal growth of long bones
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3
Q

what are the types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline
  • elastic
  • fibrocartilage
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4
Q

what are the types of bone

A
  • primary/ immature or woven
  • secondary, mature or lamellar
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5
Q

what is the histogenesis of cartilaginous tissue

A
  • mesenchymal cells
  • mitotic division of mesenchyme leads to thickening
  • chondroblasts produce extracellular matrix
  • division of chondroblasts produce chondrocytes
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6
Q

what is the perichondrium

A
  • connective tissue covering cartilage
  • located on all surfaces of cartilage apart from articular surface and fibrous cartilage
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7
Q

what is the function of the perichondrium

A
  • anchoring point for ligaments and tendons
  • nutritional source
  • source of stem cells for growth and repair for the cartilage
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8
Q

what are the layers of the perichondrium

A
  • outer fibrous later
  • inner chondrogenic layer
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9
Q

what does the outer fibrous layer of the perichondrium contain and do

A
  • contains collagen fibres, fibroblasts and blood vessels
  • provide the attachment site for other structures
  • source of nutrients for avascular cartilage matrix
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10
Q

what does the inner chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium contain and do

A
  • contains chondroblast which actively secrete the matrix
  • important for appositional growth
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11
Q

what the two types of growth of the cartilage

A
  • appositional - growth from periphery
  • interstitial - growth from inside
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12
Q

what is interstitial growth

A
  • growth from the inside
  • mitosis of cells within the matrix
  • results in clusters of chondrocytes called cell nests or isogenous groups
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13
Q

what is appositional growth

A
  • growth from the periphery
  • growth of the chondroblasts within the perichondrium
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14
Q

what is the structure of cartilaginous tissue

A
  • cells - chondroblasts and chondrocytes
  • extracellular matrix - fibres and ground substance
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15
Q

what is the differentiation of cells to form chondrocyte

A

chondroprogenitor cell ( mesechymal stem cells) —-> chondrobast —> chondrocyte

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16
Q

what fibres are present in cartilage

A
  • type 2 - only in cartilage
  • type 6,9,11 - in collagen and elastic fibres
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17
Q

what are the amorphous ground substances

A
  • proteoglycans - hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate and keratin sulfate
  • glycosaminoglycans and water - rigidity
  • multi adhesive glicoproteins - anchorin CII, tenansin and fibronectin
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18
Q

what happens to cartilage when the amount of keratin sulfate increases

A

increases firmness

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19
Q

what is the capsular (pericellular) matrix

A

ring of more densely stained matrix located immediately around each chondrocyte
- contains only type 6 cartilage

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20
Q

what is the interterritorial matrix

A

matrix does not directly surround the cell and is present in greater quantity

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21
Q

what is the territorial matrix

A

cartilage directly surrounds the chondrocytes, stains at high intensity

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22
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found

A
  • major part of fetal skeleton
  • surface of joins and synchondroses of the skull base
  • rib cartilages
  • large laryngeal cartilage
  • nasal cartilages
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23
Q

what are the structural features of hyaline cartilage

A
  • presence of isogenous groups of chondrocytes
  • ground substance contains a dense network of collagen fibres
  • contain perichondrium
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24
Q

what is articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage on the articular surfaces of bones

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25
what are the features of articular cartilage
- no perichondrium - receives nutrition from synovial fluid - limits regeneration ability - low metabolic rate and due to insufficient oxygen - anaerobic metabolism
26
what is osteoarthritis
common joint disease due to injury of articular cartilage - occurs by 65
27
what is the symptoms of osteoarthritis
- chronic joint pain - weight bearing joints
28
what is the pathology of osteoarthritis
- decrease in proteoglycan content and water or cartilage matrix - chondrocytes produce more interleukin 1, tumour necrotic factor and less type 2 collagen and proteoglycans
29
where is elastic cartilage found
- auricle - auditory tube - epiglottis
30
what does elastic cartilage contain
- chondrocytes or isogenous groups of chondrocytes - chain - ground substance contains a dense network of branching and anatomosing elastic fibres - has perichondrium
31
what is fibrocartilage
specialised type found in areas requiring tough support or greater tensile
32
where is fibrocartilage found
- Annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs - Interpubic disc of the pubic symphysis - Manubriosternal and xiphisternal joints - Articular menisci and discs - Artiсular cartilage in joints are exposed to high pressure and tension (temporomandibular, sacroiliac, sternocostal joint) - Small pieces of fibrous cartilage (fibrocartiagines) of small hand and foot joint
33
what are the structure features of fibrocartilage
- chondrocytes or isogenous groups of chondrocytes arranged in long rows - ground substance contains lots of collagen fibres - functional stresses - no perichondrium
34
what is achondroplasia/ dwarfism
- autosomal dominant - mutation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene
35
what is the pathogenesis of achondroplasia/ dwarfism
- defective proteins interfere with conversion of cartilage - decreased endochrondral bone formation and premature ossification of growth plates
36
what is the extracellular matrix of the bone tissue like
calcified
37
what is found in bone tissue
- calcium - phosphate - other ions
38
what happens to the ions found in bone tissue
released or stored to maintain concentrations in body fluid
39
what type of tissue is bone marrow
hematopoiectic tissue
40
what are the classification of bones
- based on shape and length - long - irregular - flat - short
41
what are the 2 parts of a long bone
- diaphysis - hollow region called medullary cavity containing yellow marrow - epiphysis - filled with red bone marrow - between 2 parts is metaphysis containing growth plate
42
types of histological bone tissue
- primary/ immature/ woven - secondary/ mature/ lammetlar - split into compact dense bone and spongy bone
43
what is compact bone composed of
osteons
44
what is spongy bone composed of
trabeculae
45
what cells are in bone tissue
- oseoprogenitor cells - osteoblasts - osteocytes - osteoclasts
46
what does the matrix of bone tissue contain
- organic component - osteoid - collagen fibres and ground substances - inorganic component - calcium hydroxyapatite and water
47
what are osteoprogenitor cells
mesenchymal stem cells located in inner cellular layer of periosteum
48
what are osteoblast
produce components of bone matrix associated with growing surface of bone
49
what are osteocytes
watcher cells, sit on bone and monitor current status - located in lacunae
50
what are osteoclasts
degrade and resorb bone for remodelling
51
what cells originate from mesenchymal stem cells
osteoprogenitor cells osteoblasts osteocytes
52
where do osteoclasts originate from
blood monocytes
53
what do osteoclasts contain
- developed lysosomes - acid phosphatase, metalloprotinase and collagenase to degrade bone matrix
54
what are howships lacunae
osteocytes forms erosion resorption bays
55
what are the zones of osteoclasts
- basal zone - ruffled boarder - clear zone - vesicle zone
56
what is the basal zone of osteoclasts
contains most organelles except mitochondria
57
what is the ruffled boarder of osteoclasts
at osteoclast-bone interface where resorption occur
58
what is the clear zone of osteoclasts
organelle free region periphery of the ruffled boarder expresses intergins
59
what is the vesicular zone of osteoclasts
between basal zone and ruffled boarder rich in exocytotic and endocytotic vesicles with lytic enzymes
60
what does the inorganic component of the bone matrix contain
- calcium and phosphate - deposition of minerals for hydroxyapatite crystals which hardens matrix
61
what is found in the organic component of the bone matrix
- proteoglycans - glycoproteins osteonectin - bone specific protein - vitamin K dependent - growth factors - BMPs, sclerostin
62
what is the periosteum
external sheath of dense connective tissue
63
what are the 2 layers of periosteum
- outer fibrous tissue - firmly attached to bone - inner cellular layer - contains esteoprogenitor cels
64
what is the endosteum
thin layer of osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts and small amount of connective tissue - lines all internal surfaces of cavities within bones
65
what are the functions of perlosteum an endosteum
- numerous blood vessels enter the bone through periosteum giving nutrition - osteoprogenitor cells involved in growth and repair - mechanical support
66
what are the characteristics of primary bone tissue
- abundant osteocytes - low mineral content - irregular organisation of collagen fibres - mechanically weak
67
where is primary bone tissue located
- embryo skeleton - flat bones of skull - tooth sockets - tendon insertions
68
what is lamellae of bone tissue
bone matrix arranged in parallel sheets provides strength to bone
69
what is the characteristics of lamellar bone tissue
- collagen fibres run parallel forming lamella - collagen of adjacent lamellae run at 90 degrees - osteocytic processes extend through canaliculi
70
what do lamellae contain
lacunae housing osteocytes which get nutrition by diffusion from the marrow cavity
71
what is the canaliculi
narrow channels in the calcified bone matrix
72
what is the epiphyses of long bones composed of
spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
73
what is the diaphysis of bone tissue composed of
compact bone
74
what are short bones composed of
core of spongy bone surrounded by compact bone
75
what is the structural unit of compact bone
osteon - long cylinder called Haversian system
76
what does each osteoblasts consist of
a single central canal surrounding lamellae and osteocytes
77
what does the central canal/ Haversian canal of osteons contain
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
78
how is one osteon connected to another
volkmanns canal or perforating which connects the periosteum and endosteum
79
where is outer circumferential lamellae present
beneath the periosteum
80
where is the inner circumferential lamellae present
marrow cavity over the endosteum
81
where is interstitial lamellae found
between osteons
82
what are endochondral bones
forms from hyaline cartilaginous model and ossifies through process of endochondral ossification
83
what are membrane/ dermal bones
develops from ossification directly from mesenchyme through intramembranous ossification
84
what is the hyaline cartilage of the epiphyseal plate
continues to grow and continuously replaced by newly formed bone matrix resulting in elongation of bone - only in children
85
what are the 4 stages of bone remodelling
1) fracture hematoma is formed which is gradually replaced by granulation tissue 2) granulation tissue transforms into fibrocartilgainous soft callus 3) bony hard callus replaces firocartlxage 4) woven primary bone tissue is replaced by lamella bone tissue

histology (10 decks)

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