Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

histology > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system

A
  • respiration
  • conditioning of air
  • vocalisation
  • sense of smell
  • endocrine functions
  • coughing and sneezing
  • protection
  • fibrinolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the parts of the conducting portion

A
  • nasal cavity
  • nasopharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the parts of the respiratory portion

A
  • respiratory bronchioles,
  • alveolar ducts,
  • alveolar sacs
  • alveol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does the wall of the conducting portion consist of

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • fibre-cartilage layer
  • adventitia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 3 types of mucosa

A
  • respiratory epithelium - pseudostratified columnar cilliated
  • lamina proprica - loose connective tissue, secretes IgA
  • muscularis - smooth muscle tissue - promise when airway diameter decreases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is submucosa

A

loose connective tissue with mucous and serous glands
- not present beyond tertiary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is fibro-cartilage

A

diminishes as the diameter of airway decreases
- not present beyond tertiary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is adventitia

A

loose connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the respiratory epithelium consist of

A
  • ciliated columnar cells - abundant type
  • mucous goblet cells
  • brush cells - microvilli, receptor cells for nerve endings from trigeminal and vagus nerves forming epitheliodendritic synapses
  • basal short cells - lie on basal lamina and differentiate
  • small granule cells - diffuse neuroendocrine system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are goblet cells

A
  • unicellular glands that produce mucinogen
  • store mucinogen in secretary vesicles in the theca
  • lower part is called the stem containing most organelles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what happens when mucinogen is released

A

released into lumen where it becomes hydrated into mucin and is mixed to form mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the function of cilia

A

transported mucus from bronchioles towards the pharynx and nasal cavity where it is swallowed or expelled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the composition of mucus

A
  • hypophase - lower less dense layer with greater serous component
  • epiphase - upper more dense layer - greater mucus component
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is mucostasis

A

retention and build up of mucus in respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is allergic rhinitis

A

caused by the release of histamines from mast cells with IgE after contact with allergen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

that do histamines do to the respiratory tract

A

capillaries in nasal mucosa to dilate and increase permeability causing fluid to leave and enter the extracellular matrix leading to edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 3 regions of the nasal cavity

A
  • nasal vestibule
  • respiratory region
  • olfactory region
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the nasal vestibule

A

dilated space in nasal cavity just inside nostrils and is lined by skin with vibrisae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the respiratory region of the nasal cavity

A

largest part and is lined with respiratory mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the olfactory mucosa

A

located at the apex of nasal cavities and is lined by specialised olfactory mucosa
- has smell receptors
- olfactory epithelium is yellow colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the cells of olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory receptor cells - bipolar neurone
supporting columnar cells - support and electrical insulation
- basal cells - stem cells that differentiate into globose and horisontal cells
- brush cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is lamia propria

A
  • deep in olfactory epithelium
  • connective tissue with blood and lymphatic capillaries and olfactory nerve bundles
  • olfactory (Bowmans) glands - branched tubuloalveolar serous glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the cavernous layer

A

rich vascular plexus layer
- heat inspired air- prevent mucosa drying out and allows regeneration of epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are paranasal sinuses

A

air filled spaces in bones of the walls of nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
what are the functions of paranasal sinuses
- reduce weight of the skull - heat and moisten clean air - increase the resonance of voice
25
what is acute sinusitis
accute infection in the sinuses of upper respiratory tract
26
what is the schneiderian membrane
clinical term of epithelium of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
27
what is the pharynx
connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and oesophagus
28
what is the pharynx divided into
- nasopharynx - oropharynx - laryngopharynx
29
what connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear
auditory/ eustachian tube
30
31
what is the larynx
short tubular organ with the function of voice production - composed of cartilage, skeletal muscle and connective tissue and is lined with mucosa (internally) and adventitia (externally)
32
what are the 2 folds in the laryngeal lumen
- superior vestibular folds - donut move and have mo muscle, covered by respiratory epithelium - inferior vocal folds - contain a vocal ligament and muscle, covered by stratified squamous epithelium
33
what are the two surfaces of the epiglottis
- lingual - oral cavity - laryngeal - larynx
34
what is the epithelium of the epiglottis made of
- lingual surface and apical portion - stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium - laryngeal surface - respiratory epithelium
35
what is the 4 layers of the trachea
- mucosa - submucosa - fibre-cartilage - adventitia
36
what are the two sub types of the mucosa of the trachea
- respiratory epithelium - pseudostratified columnar ciliated - lamina propia - loose connective tissue with elastic fibres
36
describe the bronchial tree
1) trachea 2) primary bronchi 3) 3 secondary bronchi (R) 3 bronchi (L) 4) lobar bronchi --> tertiary bronchi 5) bronchopulmonary segment - R- 10 , L - 8
37
what do tertiary bronchi divide into
bronchioles
38
what do bronchioles branch into
5 to 7 terminal bronchioles
39
what are the features of primary bronchi
- same structure as trachea - o shaped cartilage
40
what are the features of large bronchi
- lined with pseudostratfied columnar ciliated epithelium with globlet cells - muscularis mucosa formed closed rings - discontinuous cartilage - replaced with isolated plates
41
what are the features of middle bronchi
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium - goblet cells - smooth muscle cells from crisscrossing bundles - glands - islands of an elastic cartilage
42
what are the features of small bronchi
- lower epithelium than in middle - individual goblet cells - no glands or cartilage - smooth muscle absent in some places
43
what are the features of bronchioles
- mucosa - epithelial layer , ciliated pseudostratifed columnar, goblet cells, dissociated endocrine cells, lamina propria - muscular layer - adventitia
44
what are the features of terminal bronchioles
- epithelial layer - ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium - lamina propria - loose tissue rich in smooth muscle cells - muscular layer - smooth muscle - adventitia - loose connective tissue
45
what are club cells
- non ciliated bronchiolar exocrine secretory cells - found in bronchioles
46
what are the functions of club cells
- secrete glycosaminoglycans, CCSP, surfactant proteins and mucin - detoxification of harmful substances inhaled - able to divide and differentiate
47
what do CCSP proteins do
protect bronchiolar epithelium
48
what do SP-A and SP-D do
coating the surface of the epithelium and regulate the transport of chloride ions
49
what do MUC5AC and MUC5B do
present as polymers in the airway mucus
50
what is the functional unit of the respiratory portion
acini - included bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs
51
what forms the pulmonary lobule
acini separated by thin layers of LCT 12-18 acini
52
what are the features of alveolar ducts
- lined with simple squamous epithelium - has air sacs called atrium - lamina propria surrounding alveolar network of smooth muscle
53
what connects neighbouring alveoli
smaller alveolar called Kohn pores
54
what is the wall between adjacent alveoli
inter-alveolar septa
55
what does alveolar epithelium consist of
- alveolocyte/ pneumocyte type 1 - flattened irregular shape , component of air blood barrier - alveolocyte/ pneumocytu type 2 - round in shape, secretory cells - recreate surface active lipoprotein complex called surfactant
56
what is the function of surfactant
decreases alveolar surface tension and actively participates in the clearance of foreign materials
57
what is the critical agent in surfactant
dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC
58
what is infant respiratory distress syndrome
premature newborns have a deficiency in surfactant causing pulmonary alveoli to collapse
59
what are alveolar macrophages and dust cells derived from
blood monocytes
60
what is the function and structure of the inter alveolar septum
- separate two adjacent alveoli - contains dense network of capillaries, blood vessels and skeletal connective tissue fibres
61
what is the function of the alveolar capillary membrane
prevents air bubbles from forming in the blood and from blood entering the alveoli
62

histology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions