blood Flashcards
what is the fluid intercellular substance in blood
plasma
how many litres of blood does a man and woman have
man - 5-6l
woman - 4-5l
what does blood not contain
fibres
what are the functions of blood
- delivering nutrients
- removing metabolic by-products
- transporting and exchange of gas
- transporting hormones to target tissues
- Immune responses
what are the cellular/ formed elements of the blood
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- thrombocytes
what are thrombocytes made from
fragments of the megakarycyte
what are the components of plasma
- 90% water
- 9% organic compounds - albumins, globulins and fibringogen
- 1% inorganic salts
what is serum
plasma without fibrinogen and coagulating factors
what are the ranges for hematocrit / packed cell volume for men and women
men - 40-54%
woman- 37-47%
what is hematocrit / packed cell volume
ratio of RBCs to plasma
what is the test for hematocrit
1) whole blood centrifuged to separate cells and plasma
2) RBCs are heavy and pack into the bottom and plasma on the coat
3) leukocytes and platelets form a thin layer (Buffy coat) between the two layers
what is the normal colour of plasma
clear and pale yellow
what are the abnormal colours of plasma and what do they mean
cloudy - lipemic - type 2 diabetes
reddish tinge - hemolyzed - infection or toxins
yellow - icteric - liver pathology
what are the stains used for blood smears
- eosin - stains pink
- methylene blue/ azur II / hematoxylin - stains blue to purple
what is the life span of an erythrocyte
100-120 days
how are old erythrocytes removed from the blood
by macrophages in the spleen and liver
what are the normal levels of erythrocytes for men and woman
men - 3.9-5.5 x10 12 / L
Female: 3.7-4.9 x 10 12/L
what is a low level of erythrocytes called
erythropenia
what is a high level of erythrocytes called
erythrocytosis
what is it called when there are changes of size in erythrocytes - more than 25%
anisocytosis
what is it called when there is a change in shape of erythrocytes - more than 25%
poikilocytosis
what is the normal blood content of normoblasts
75%
what is the diameter of a normal erythrocyte
7-8 micrometers
why do erythrocytes not stick together
their membrane is negatively charged
what are erythrocytes larger than 8-9 micrometers referred to as
macrocytes - common in megaloblastic anemias due to a lack of folic acid and B12
what are erythrocytes smaller than 6-7 micrometers called
microcytes - anemia - blood cell iron loss due to chronic bleeding
what does the membrane skeleton of erythrocytes consist of
- transmembrane integral proteins - protein band 3 and glycophorin
- ankryin
- spectrin
- system of linking complexes
what does the membrane skeleton of erythrocytes do
helps to maintain biconcave shape
what causes eosinophilia of erythrocytes
alkaline haemoglobin which binds acidic eosin
what is the normal haemoglobin levels for male and female
male 130- 160 g/L
female 120 - 140 g/L
what are the types of hemoglobin in embryos and adults
embryo - 80% HbF and 20% HbA
adult - 98% HbA and 2% HbF
what is the main energy source for erythrocytes
enzymes with enable anaerobic glycolysis
what are reticulocytes
immature erythrocytes
when do numbers of reticulocytes increase
from normal bone marrow in response to anaemia
what are the normal levels of reticulocytes in the blood
1-2%
what is different between reticulocytes and erythrocytes
reticuloytes have ribosomal RNA for haemoglobin synthesis
what is the normal level of leukocytes
4-9 · 109/L
what is high levels of leukocytes called
leukocytosis - inflammation, necrosis and tumours
what is low levels of leukocytes called
leukopenia - immune disorders, drugs and steroids
what is diapedesis
circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries into the surrounding in response to inflammation
what is the common properties of all WBC
their ability to connect the P- and E- selections of endothelial cells in vessels using their surface adhesive molecules
how does diapedesis occur
- detection of pathological agents based on chemical signals
- WBC follows chemotaxis and migrates to site of tissue damage
what are the two types of white blood cells
- granulocytes
- agranulocytes
what are the agranular WBC
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
what are the granular WBC
- basophils
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
what % of lymphocytes are in WBC count
20-25%
what % of monocytes are in WBC count
3-8%
what % of basophils are in WBC count
0.5 - 1 %
what % of neutrophils are in WBC count
60-70%
what % of eosinophils are in WBC count
2 - 4 %
what are the characteristics of granulocytes
- cytoplasmic granules - make the cytoplasm look grainy
- non spherical nuclei with lobes
- all phagocytic
what is the increase of neutrophils called
neutrophillia
what is the lifespan of neutrophils
6-7 hours in blood
1-4 days in tissue
what are the stages in maturity of neutrophils
metamyelocytes –> band cells –> mature neutrophils ( polymorphonuclear)
what does it mean if there is more young neutrophils
enhanced bone marrow production from infectious disease
what does it mean if there is more older neutrophils
damaged hematopoiesis - megaloblastic anemia
what does it mean if there is a high presence of blast cells
leukemias
what are the specific granules in neutrophils
- type IV collagenase
- lactoferrin
- phospholipase A2
- lysozyme
- cathepsin and gelatinase
what are the non specific granules in neutrophils
- lysozyme
- acid hydrolase
- myeloperoxidase
- elastase
what is the function of neutrophils
- phagocytose agent
- pus is composed of dead neutrophils
how can sex be identified from neutrophils
inactive X chromosome in females has a drumstick like appearance on the lobe of the nucleus
what is the life span of eosinophils
< 2 weeks
what are the specific granules in eosinophils
- major basic protein
- eosinophilic catonic protein
- neurotoxin
- histaminase
what are the no specific granules in eosinophils
- lysozyme
- acid hydrolase
- myeloperoxidase
- elastae
what is major basic protein effective against
parasites
what are the functions of eosinophils
- allergic reaction
- destruction of parasites by toxic basic protein
- inactivate leukotrienes and histamine secreted by basophils
- engulf and sequester antigen-antibody complexes
what is metachromasia
property of cells to be painted in other colours distinguished from the colour of the dye
- occurs in basophils
what is the lifespan of basophils
few hours in blood and few days in tissue
what are the specific granules in basophils
- Histamine
- Heparin
- Eosinophil chemotactic factor
- Phospholipids for synthesis of
leukotrienes - chondroitin sulphate
- SRS-A (slow reacting substance
of anaphylaxis
what are the non specific granules are found in basophils
- lysozyme
- acid hydrolase
- myeloperoxidase
- elastase
what are the functions of basophils
- binds to IgE antibodies leading to allergic reactions
- hypersensitivity reactions which induces circulatory shock
- bronchial spasms causing respiratory insufficiency
what causes basophilia
- acute hypersensitivity reactions
- viral infections
- chronic inflammation
what are the functions of macrophages
- phagocytosis
- antigen presentation
- cytokine production
what is the life span of lymphocytes
few days to several years
describe the classification of lymphocytes according to size
small - 6-8 micrometers
medium - 8-9 - micrometers
large - 10-18 micrometers
what are the functions of lymphocytes
adaptive immunity - specific
what are the types of lymphocytes
- NK killers
- t- cells - killers, suppressors, helpers
- b cells
what is the normal level of platelets
180-320x109/L
what are the characteristics of platelets
- no nucleus
- 2-4 micrometers in diameter
where are platelets made
red bone marrow
what are platelets stained with
- granulomere - purple grains
- hyalomere - light homogeneous basophilic boarder
what are the functions of thrombocytes
- blood clotting
- clotting by plugging tears In vessel walls
- release secretory granules that help recruit other platelets
what converts soluble fibrinogen into fibrin
glycocalyx of platelets
