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histology > muscle tissue > Flashcards

muscle tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cytoplasm of muscle cells and fibres contain

A

actin and myosin - contractile proteins

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2
Q

what are the properties of muscle tissue

A
  • excitability
  • contractibility
  • extensibility
  • elasticity
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3
Q

what are the functions of muscle tissue

A
  • body movements
  • stabilising body positions - posture
  • moving substances within the body
  • generating heat
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4
Q

what are the cytoplasmic organelles of muscle fibres

A
  • plasma membrane - sarcolemma
  • cytoplasm - sacroplasm
  • smooth ER - sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • mitochondria - sarcosomes
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5
Q

what ate the types of muscle tissue

A
  • striated - skeletal and cardiac
  • smooth
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6
Q

what is the organisation of skeletal muscle

A
  • each muscle fibre surrounded by endomysium
  • groups of muscle fibres form fascicles
  • muscle fascicle surrounded by perimysium
  • entire muscle surrounded by epimysium
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7
Q

what is perimysium made from

A

sheath of connective tissue

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8
Q

what is epimysium composed of

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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9
Q

what is the function of skeletal muscle

A

moves bones
- moves in voluntary manner - except diaphragm

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10
Q

what are the components of muscle fibres

A

muscle fibres —> myofibrils —> myofilaments

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11
Q

what is the structure of muscle fibres

A
  • morophofunctinal unit
  • long cylindrical mulinucleated syncytium
  • nuclei is oval and along cell periphery
  • surrounded by basal lamina
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12
Q

what cells differentiate into skeletal muscle

A

mesenchyme cells - myoblasts

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13
Q

what forms myofilaments

A

myotubes synthesise the proteins to make myofilaments

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14
Q

how are muscle satellite cells

A

when part of myoblast population doesn’t fuse and differentiate

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15
Q

what does satellite cells do

A

proliferate and produce new muscle fibres

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16
Q

where are satellite cells found

A

external surface of muscle fibres and external lamina

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17
Q

what does the sarcoplasm of muscle fibres contain

A

general organelles, speical organelles and inclusion

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18
Q

what does the myosyncitium contain

A

myofibrils creating the biggest part of the sarcoplasm

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19
Q

what are myofibrils composed of

A

thin actin and thick myosin

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20
Q

what is myosin

A

fibrillar protein with numerous globular heads
- 15nm thick
- located in dark A band

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21
Q

what is actin

A

made of G-actin, troponin complex and tropomyosin

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22
Q

what is the function of globular heads of myosin

A

bind to specific actin binding sites causing a chemical reaction leading for ATP hydrolysis and energy release

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23
Q

what is tropomyosin

A

a protein of fibrillar structure wound around F actin and binds to troponin

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24
Q

what does TnT do

A

mediates the connection of troponin to the tropomyosin molecule

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25
what does TnC do
binds the calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum at the beginning of contraction
26
what does Tnl do
if no calcium is bound to TnC the Tnl covers the binding site for myosin on the actin fibre and contraction cannot occur
27
describe the sliding filament theory
- mutual sliding of actin and myosin filaments - movement force if given by flexion of head of myosin induced by ATP hydrolysis - before contract the binding site of actin is covered by troponin-tropomyosin complex
28
what does the conducting system do
regulation of contraction in skeletal muscles
29
what are T-tubules
deep tubular invaginations of plasma membrane surrounding myofibrils - provide fast transfer of stimulus to surface of muscle fibres
30
what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do
calcium storage and surrounds each myofibril
31
where is the terminal cisternae located
flat region of SR addicted to T-tubules
32
what forms a traids
t- tubules and 2 cisterns of SR
33
how is calcium involved in muscle contraction
1) membrane of SR depolarises and Ca channels open 2) CA2+ pump is activated which consumes ATP and actively absorbed calcium back into the SR
34
what supplies muscle fibres
alpha-efferent fibres from multipolar anterior horn neurones of the spinal cord or brainstem
35
what is a motor unit
single nerve fibre and all its muscle
36
what is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine
37
what is the motor end plate
chemical synapse where the terminal branch or the axon contact a target muscle cell
38
what is the enlarged knob of the axon terminal end called
terminal button
39
that is the system of energy production for muscle tissue
- mitochondria - ATP - glycogen - storage of energy - myoglobin - oxygen binding protein, emergency supply
40
what causes the red colour of the muscle
myoglobin
41
when there is higher amounts of myoglobin what occurs
longer period of contraction
42
what are the types of muscle fibres
- type 1 - red oxidative fibres - type 2a - fast, intermediate oxidative glycolytic fibres - type 2b - fast, white glycolytic fibres
43
what are slow, red oxidative fibres
- slow, continuous contractions - energy from aerobic oxidative phosphorylation - many mitochondria and abundant myoglobin
44
what are fast, intermediate oxidative glycolytic fibres
- many mitochondria and myoglobin - has glycogen - oxidative metabolism and anaerobic glycolysis - rapid contractions in short bursts
45
what are fast, white glycolytic fibres
- few mitochondria and myoglobin - abundent glycogen - depended on glycolysis for energy - rapid contraction but fatigue quickly
46
what are muscle spindles
stretch receptors in skeletal muscle that detach and change length in muscle
47
what do stretch receptors do
1) convey length information to CNS via afferent nerve fibres 2) processed by brain as proprioception 3) response of muscle spindles change in length - regulating muscle contraction
48
what is the structural and function unit of skeletal muscle
muscle fibres
49
where is involuntary strained muscle found
walls of the heart - myocardium
50
what is a cardiomyocyte
morphofunctional unit of the cardiac muscle - long, cylindrical shape - centrally located nucleui
51
what is the function of the sarcoplasm in cardiac muscle
- contractile system - conducting system - supporting system - system of energy production
52
describe the contractile system
- end of cardiomyocyte split into branches forming 3D cytoplasmic network - between cells loose CT has capillary network
53
what is the conducting system in cardiac muscle
- SR is not well developed - transverse tubules are wide and forms dvads with sacroplasmic reticulum
54
what is the supporting system of cardiac muscle
ends of ajacent cardiac cells connect through intercellular junctional complex forming intercalated disks - provide anchoring for myofibril and permits rapid spread of contractile stimuli
55
what are the 3 types of intercalated discs
- transverse portion - fascia adherens and desmosomes - lateral portion - gap junctions
56
what are the types of cardiomyocytes
- contractile - conducting - secretory
57
what does the conductive system consist of
Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) Purkinje fibers.
58
what is the cardiac conductive system
collection of nodes and specialised conductive cells that initiate and co-ordinate contraction of heart muscle
59
where is involuntary non-striated muscle found
- tunica media layer of arteries (except large elastic arteries) and veins - urinary bladder - male and female reproductive tracts - gastrointestinal tract - respiratory tract, - ciliary muscle and iris of the eye - glomeruli of the kidneys - mesangial cell
60
what is the morophofunctional unit of smooth muscle tissue
smooth myocyte
61
what are the smooth muscle cells
myocytes - nonstraited and fusiform cells
62
what is the function of sarcolemmal vesicles/ caveolae
- present along periphery of smooth muscle - uptake and release calcium

histology (10 decks)

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