Skeletal and muscular systems

Question 1

Skeleton ?

Answer 1

Shaping framework for the body which gives protection for internal organs , is the site for blood cell production and is a mineral store. Crucially human movement the skeleton provides attachments for the muscular system and acts as the levers and pivot points required to create movement

Question 2

What is a flat bone ?

Answer 2

Act as suitable sites for muscular attachment eg sternum , ribs , cranium

Question 3

What is a long bone ?

Answer 3

Act as levers for movement and act as sites for blood cell production eg Femur , humours , radius and tibia

Question 4

What is a irregular bone ?

Answer 4

They have a irregular shape , eg vertebrate

Question 5

What is a short bone ?

Answer 5

They bear weight eg tarsals and carpals

Question 6

Sesamoid bones ?

Answer 6

Ease movement and resist compression eg Patella

Question 7

Define joint ?

Answer 7

An area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create human movement

Question 8

Define ligament ?

Answer 8

A tough band of fibrous , slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

Question 9

Define articular cartilage ?

Answer 9

Smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones to absorb shock and allow friction -free movement

Question 10

Ligament ? Structure and function

Answer 10

Structure - A tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue

Function- Connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement

Question 11

Synovial fluid ? structure and function

Answer 11

Structure - Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity

Function- Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage

Question 12

Articular cartilage ? structure and function

Answer 12

Structure -Smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones

Function - Absorbs shock and allows friction - free movement

Question 13

Joint capsule ? structure and friction

Answer 13

Structure - A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane

Function - Encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

Question 14

Bursa ? structure and friction

Answer 14

Structure - A closed , fluid - filled sac found where tendons rub over bones

Function - Reduces friction between tendons and bones

Question 15

Plane of movement ?

Answer 15

The description of three dimensional movements at a joint

Question 16

Movements patterns ?

Answer 16

A description of the actions taking place at a joint

Question 17

Name the three types of planes ?

Answer 17

Sagittal plane - divides the body into left and right parts of the medial to the lateral

Frontal plane - Divides the body into anterior and posterior

Transverse plane - It divides the body into superior and inferior

Question 18

Types of joints ?

Answer 18

HINGE 
PIVOT 
GLIDING 
BALL AND SOCKET 
CONDYLOID

Question 19

HINGE

Answer 19

A CYLINDRICAL BONE ARTICULATES WITH A TROUGH - SHAPED BONE HELD TIGHTLY BY LIGAMENTS WHICH LIMIT SIDEWAYS MOVEMENT

Question 20

PIVOT

Answer 20

A rounded bone articulates with a ring shaped bone which restricts motion to one plane

Question 21

GLIDING JOINT

Answer 21

Almost flat , similar sized bones , articulate with limited motion in three planes

Question 22

BALL AND SOCKET

Answer 22

A ball shaped head articulates with a cup-shaped socket to give a large range of motion in all three planes

Question 23

CONDLYOID JOINT

Answer 23

Flat bone to allow motion in two planes

Question 24

Types of sagittal plane ?

Answer 24

Flexion and extension

Question 25

Define flexion

Answer 25

Movement which decreases the joint angle

Question 26

Define extension

Answer 26

Movement which increases the joint angle

Question 27

Define dorsi - flexion

Answer 27

Movement at the ankle joint as the toes move up

Question 28

Define plantar flexion

Answer 28

Movement at the ankle joint as the toes move down

Question 29

Frontal pane ?

Answer 29

Abduction | Adduction

Question 30

Define abduction

Answer 30

Movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body

Question 31

Define adduction

Answer 31

Movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body

Question 32

Transverse plane ?

Answer 32

Horizontal extension | Horizontal flexion

Question 33

Define Horizontal extension

Answer 33

Joint moves the articulating bone away from the midline of the body

Question 34

Define Horizontal flexion

Answer 34

Joint moves the articulating bone closer to the midline of the body

Question 35

Define rotation

Answer 35

Movement whereby articulating bones turn about their longitudinal axis in screwdriver action

Question 36

Define tendons

Answer 36

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone

Question 37

Origin ?

Answer 37

The point of muscular attachment to a stationary bone which stays relatively fixed during muscular contraction

Question 38

Insertion ?

Answer 38

The point of muscular attachment to a moveable bone which gets closer to the origin during muscular contraction

Question 39

Agonist ?

Answer 39

A muscle responsible for creating movement joint

Question 40

Antagonist ?

Answer 40

A muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement

Question 41

Fixator ?

Answer 41

A muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another moves

Question 42

Antagonist muscle action ?

Answer 42

Paired muscle action . As the agonist muscle shortens to create movement , the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate the action

Question 43

Muscle ?

Answer 43

Muscle uses energy to create force , It is this force that can create human movement and even be passed onto an object such as a ball

Question 44

Isotonic contraction ?

Answer 44

Muscular contraction which changes length during its contraction

Question 45

Concentric contraction ?

Answer 45

Muscular contraction which shortness while producing tension

Question 46

Eccentric contraction ?

Answer 46

Muscular contraction which lengthens while producing tension

Question 47

Isometric contraction ?

Answer 47

Muscular contraction which stays the same length while producing tension

Question 48

Define motor neuron

Answer 48

A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres

Question 49

Define motor unit

Answer 49

A motor neuron an the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon

Question 50

Define action potential

Answer 50

Positive electrical change inside the nerve and muscle cells which conduct the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre

Question 51

Define neuro transmitter

Answer 51

A chemical produced and secreted by a neuron which transmits the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre

Question 52

All or none law

Answer 52

Depending on whether the stimulus is above a threshold , all muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction

Question 53

Role of motor unit

Answer 53

Nerve impulse initiated in the motor neuron cell body Nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft Neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap If electrical charge is above threshold , the muscle fibre will contract

Question 54

Three types of muscle fibre ?

Answer 54

Slow oxidative Fast oxidative Fast glycolytic

Question 55

Define slow oxidative muscle fibres

Answer 55

A type of muscle fibre rich in mitochondria , myglobin and capillaries which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time

Question 56

Define fast glycolytic muscle fibres

Answer 56

A type of muscle fibre rich in phosphocreatine which produces a maximal force over a short period of time