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A level PE > Skeletal and muscular systems > Flashcards

Skeletal and muscular systems Flashcards

1
Q

Skeleton ?

A

Shaping framework for the body which gives protection for internal organs , is the site for blood cell production and is a mineral store. Crucially human movement the skeleton provides attachments for the muscular system and acts as the levers and pivot points required to create movement

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2
Q

What is a flat bone ?

A

Act as suitable sites for muscular attachment eg sternum , ribs , cranium

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3
Q

What is a long bone ?

A

Act as levers for movement and act as sites for blood cell production eg Femur , humours , radius and tibia

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4
Q

What is a irregular bone ?

A

They have a irregular shape , eg vertebrate

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5
Q

What is a short bone ?

A

They bear weight eg tarsals and carpals

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6
Q

Sesamoid bones ?

A

Ease movement and resist compression eg Patella

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7
Q

Define joint ?

A

An area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create human movement

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8
Q

Define ligament ?

A

A tough band of fibrous , slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

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9
Q

Define articular cartilage ?

A

Smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones to absorb shock and allow friction -free movement

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10
Q

Ligament ? Structure and function

A

Structure - A tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue

Function- Connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement

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11
Q

Synovial fluid ? structure and function

A

Structure - Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity

Function- Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage

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12
Q

Articular cartilage ? structure and function

A

Structure -Smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones

Function - Absorbs shock and allows friction - free movement

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13
Q

Joint capsule ? structure and friction

A

Structure - A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane

Function - Encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

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14
Q

Bursa ? structure and friction

A

Structure - A closed , fluid - filled sac found where tendons rub over bones

Function - Reduces friction between tendons and bones

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15
Q

Plane of movement ?

A

The description of three dimensional movements at a joint

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16
Q

Movements patterns ?

A

A description of the actions taking place at a joint

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17
Q

Name the three types of planes ?

A

Sagittal plane - divides the body into left and right parts of the medial to the lateral

Frontal plane - Divides the body into anterior and posterior

Transverse plane - It divides the body into superior and inferior

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18
Q

Types of joints ?

A 
HINGE 
PIVOT 
GLIDING 
BALL AND SOCKET 
CONDYLOID
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19
Q

HINGE

A

A CYLINDRICAL BONE ARTICULATES WITH A TROUGH - SHAPED BONE HELD TIGHTLY BY LIGAMENTS WHICH LIMIT SIDEWAYS MOVEMENT

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20
Q

PIVOT

A

A rounded bone articulates with a ring shaped bone which restricts motion to one plane

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21
Q

GLIDING JOINT

A

Almost flat , similar sized bones , articulate with limited motion in three planes

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22
Q

BALL AND SOCKET

A

A ball shaped head articulates with a cup-shaped socket to give a large range of motion in all three planes

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23
Q

CONDLYOID JOINT

A

Flat bone to allow motion in two planes

24
Q

Types of sagittal plane ?

A

Flexion and extension

25
Q

Define flexion

A

Movement which decreases the joint angle

26
Q

Define extension

A

Movement which increases the joint angle

27
Q

Define dorsi - flexion

A

Movement at the ankle joint as the toes move up

28
Q

Define plantar flexion

A

Movement at the ankle joint as the toes move down

29
Q

Frontal pane ?

A

Abduction

Adduction

30
Q

Define abduction

A

Movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body

31
Q

Define adduction

A

Movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body

32
Q

Transverse plane ?

A

Horizontal extension

Horizontal flexion

33
Q

Define Horizontal extension

A

Joint moves the articulating bone away from the midline of the body

34
Q

Define Horizontal flexion

A

Joint moves the articulating bone closer to the midline of the body

35
Q

Define rotation

A

Movement whereby articulating bones turn about their longitudinal axis in screwdriver action

36
Q

Define tendons

A

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone

37
Q

Origin ?

A

The point of muscular attachment to a stationary bone which stays relatively fixed during muscular contraction

38
Q

Insertion ?

A

The point of muscular attachment to a moveable bone which gets closer to the origin during muscular contraction

39
Q

Agonist ?

A

A muscle responsible for creating movement joint

40
Q

Antagonist ?

A

A muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement

41
Q

Fixator ?

A

A muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another moves

42
Q

Antagonist muscle action ?

A

Paired muscle action . As the agonist muscle shortens to create movement , the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate the action

43
Q

Muscle ?

A

Muscle uses energy to create force , It is this force that can create human movement and even be passed onto an object such as a ball

44
Q

Isotonic contraction ?

A

Muscular contraction which changes length during its contraction

45
Q

Concentric contraction ?

A

Muscular contraction which shortness while producing tension

46
Q

Eccentric contraction ?

A

Muscular contraction which lengthens while producing tension

47
Q

Isometric contraction ?

A

Muscular contraction which stays the same length while producing tension

48
Q

Define motor neuron

A

A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres

49
Q

Define motor unit

A

A motor neuron an the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon

50
Q

Define action potential

A

Positive electrical change inside the nerve and muscle cells which conduct the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre

51
Q

Define neuro transmitter

A

A chemical produced and secreted by a neuron which transmits the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre

52
Q

All or none law

A

Depending on whether the stimulus is above a threshold , all muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction

53
Q

Role of motor unit

A

Nerve impulse initiated in the motor neuron cell body

Nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap

If electrical charge is above threshold , the muscle fibre will contract

54
Q

Three types of muscle fibre ?

A

Slow oxidative
Fast oxidative
Fast glycolytic

55
Q

Define slow oxidative muscle fibres

A

A type of muscle fibre rich in mitochondria , myglobin and capillaries which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time

56
Q

Define fast glycolytic muscle fibres

A

A type of muscle fibre rich in phosphocreatine which produces a maximal force over a short period of time

A level PE (6 decks)

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