Aquisition of skills

Question 1

What are the 5 continuums ?

Answer 1

Simple - complex 
open-closed 
self-paced - externally paced 
gross-fine
discrete-serial-continuous 
high organisation-low organisation

Question 2

What is a motor movement / movement skill ?

Answer 2

An action or task that has a goal and requires voluntary body movement to achieve the goal

Question 3

Define simple and complex skill ?

Answer 3

Simple - Few decisions to be made

Complex- lots of decisions to be made

Question 4

What are sub routines ?

Answer 4

The elements , or separate movements , that make up a particular skill

Question 5

How should open / closed skills be practiced ?

Answer 5

closed - practiced repeatedly so skill becomes automatic

open- a variety of situations should be experienced so performer can create a number of strategies

Question 6

how discreet skills , serial skills and continuous skills should be taught ?

Answer 6

discrete- taught as a whole rather than splitting up into sub routines

serial - breaking down into sub routines, each sub routine can then be learned fully before the skill is practised as a whole

continuous - practised as a whole so that the kinaesthetic sense of movement can be retained and performer can feel the nature of the skill

Question 7

What is the whole method ?

Answer 7

The performer is going to execute the skill fluently and can appreciate the movement of the skill

if the skill is rapid than the whole method is perfect for it because components interact closely one another eg golf swing

Question 8

Part method ?

Answer 8

splitting the skill into sub routines

if the skill is complex it is perfect to split the skill into parts

Performer can gain confidence through this method

Question 9

Whole part whole ?

Answer 9

First attempts the skill then breaks the skill down into sub routines and then putting it back together

suited to serial skills and low organisation skills , sub routines have distinct features eg triple jump

used by coaches to identify strengths and weaknesses

Question 10

progressive part method ?

Answer 10

A serial skill is broken down into sub routines an can be linked in chains

The performer learns one link and then a second link then the links are practised again

Question 11

Massed and distributed practice

Answer 11

Massed - involves very short / no rest intervals within the practice session. It is also continuous practice method.

Distributed - Practice involves long rests between trials , tasks that involve unrelated to main practice / not involve negative transfer

Question 12

Fixe practice ?

Answer 12

Involves a stable and predictable environment with practice conditions remaining unchanged or fixed.

Suitable for closed skills

Fixed practice enables habitual movements

Question 13

Varied practice ?

Answer 13

Range of experiences

Stored in long term memory
Closed skill - Conditions resemble ‘ true life ‘ situations

open skill - different from the last , involves many different situations

Question 14

Gross and fine skills related to practice ?

Answer 14

Gross - Include building of strength and repetition ot build muscle and consistent memory trace and to ensure autonomy of movement

Fine - Repetitive training , metal rehearsal ,

Question 15

Open and closed skills related to practice ?

Answer 15

Open skill - variety of situations so create a number of strategies to cope with change also knowledge of perceptual knowledge to take in the correct amount of knowledge / no attentional wastage

closed skill - Repeatedly practiced so skill becomes automatic

Question 16

Discrete , serial , continuous skills related to practice ?

Answer 16

Discrete - Taught as a whole

Serial - To split into components or sub routines 9 whole - part - whole method )

Continuous - Effectively practised as a whole so that kinaesthetic sense of movement can be retained and the performer can feel the ‘ true nature ‘ of the skill

Question 17

Self paced and externally paced skills related to practice ?

Answer 17

self paced - fixed practices that involve more control for the performer to develop habitual responses

Externally paced - involve more varied movements to help the performer build strategies for a changing movement

Question 18

Simple , complex skill related to practice ?

Answer 18

Simple skills - Repetitive an fixed skills

Complex - Broken down into sub routines

Question 19

High organisation and low related to practice ?

Answer 19

High - often a continuous skill practice whole

Question 20

Proactive transfer ?

Answer 20

The influence of one skill on a skill yet to be performed

Question 21

Retroactive transfer ?

Answer 21

The influence of one skill on the learning or performance of a skill that has previously been learned

Question 22

Positive transfer ?

Answer 22

When the learning and performance of one skill helps the learning and performance of another skill

Question 23

Negative transfer ?

Answer 23

When the learning and performance f one skill hinders the other

Question 24

Bilateral transfer ?

Answer 24

The transfer of learning from one limb to another

Question 25

Two ways of bilateral transfer ?

Answer 25

Cognitive - our understanding of what is required eg football player understands how the non preferred limb might operate motor programme - the pattern of movement that is learned almost automatically for one limb is used subconsciously

Question 26

Associationist ?

Answer 26

A group of theories related to connecting stimulus and response

Question 27

Reinforcement ?

Answer 27

The process that increases the probability of a behaviour occurring Strengthening S-R bonds

Question 28

Positive reinforcement ?

Answer 28

The stimulus is given when the desired response occurs

Question 29

Negative reinforcement ?

Answer 29

The stimulus is withdrawn when the desired response occurs

Question 30

Punishment ?

Answer 30

Giving a stimulus to prevent a response occurring , not to be confused with negative

Question 31

Operant conditioning ?

Answer 31

Skinner Work through manipulation Box full of rats , hit lever inside the box they get food pellet Through trials and error , shaped and then reinforced

Question 32

Negatives an positives of operant conditioning ?

Answer 32

Learns faster through an reward on every occasion ( complete reinforcement ) Teaching motor skills Can be an end in its self enjoyment of activity can be lost

Question 33

Thorndike's law ?

Answer 33

Based on strengthening S-R Bonds Law of exercise - Repeating or rehearsing the S-R connections to strengthen them. Law of effect - if the response is followed by a ' satisfier ' then the stimulus- response is strengthened. If the response is followed by an annoyer , then the stimulus response is weakened Law of readiness - The performer must be physically and mentally able to complete the task effectively

Question 34

Intervening variables ?

Answer 34

Mental process occurring between stimulus being received and the response

Question 35

Insight learning ?

Answer 35

Problem solving involving memory , previous experiences are used to help solve new problems

Question 36

Cognitive learning theories

Answer 36

Go beyond the associative or S-R theories Concerned with thinking and understanding rather than connecting certain stimuli to certain responses Monkeys in the box Lead to support whole practice Learn from previous experiences eg Taking environment into consideration

Question 37

Social learning / observational learning theory ?

Answer 37

A perspective on personality theory that suggests personality and associated behaviour are determined by the situation or social environment rather than a series of traits or biological pre - determinants Shows are personality are created through a process of observing others and imitating their behaviour , especially if social reinforcement is present

Question 38

The process of observational learning ?

Answer 38

Attention - To be able to imitate a demonstration , the performer must pay a attention to the demonstration and focus on important cues. The amount of attention paid will be influenced by the perceived attractiveness of the model Retention - The observer must be able to remember the model that is presented. Therefore , he or she needs to create a mental picture of the process. Mental rehearsal can improve retention of this mental image Motor reproduction - The observer must be physically able to imitate the skill being observed. Demonstrations should therefore be matched to the capabilities of the observer. Feedback during future practices are important If reproduction is eventually leading to match model motivation - The level of motivation of the observer is crucial if they are going to imitate the performance. External reinforcement of the model will increase the motivation to imitate it

Question 39

3 Stages of learning ?

Answer 39

The cognitive stage The associative stage Autonomous stage

Question 40

cognitive stage ?

Answer 40

When the performer understands what needs to be done Trial and error beginner trying different moves success or failure learn from failure and success

Question 41

Associative stage ?

Answer 41

The performer practices , and compares or associates the movements produced with the mental image. Feedback occurs and the learner gradually becomes more aware of increasingly subtle and complex cues

Question 42

Autonomous stage

Answer 42

Movements are becoming almost automatic , with very little thought The skill is found by the performer through long term memory Must go back to associative stage to reinforce motor programmesm

Question 43

Types of guidance ?

Answer 43

Verbal Mechanical / manual Visual guidance

Question 44

Define verbal guidance ?

Answer 44

Verbal guidance used to describe a certain skill being performed. The coach / manger describes the action an explains the motions involved

Question 45

Positives and negatives of verbal Guidance ?

Answer 45

It can be a form of feedback , which can be used to reinforce good movements and to identify errors that might then be corrected Hold the attention of the performer negs - Can lead to info overload Can be inaccurate and performer may not develop skills

Question 46

Define visual guidance ?

Answer 46

When the performer physically watches the skill being performed to learn the motion and action

Question 47

Positives and negatives of visual guidance ?

Answer 47

pos- Find it easy to create a mental image Enable the skill to be seen in different stages to make it easier to learn Encourages observational learning negs - The demonstration could be incorrect and therefore may learn bad habits May not be able to show an accurate demonstration Visual representation may not be clear

Question 48

Define manual / mechanical guidance ?

Answer 48

Physical support for the performer by another person or a mechanical device The response of the performer being directed physically by another person

Question 49

Positives and negatives of manual guidance ?

Answer 49

Pros - It can give the performer a greater sense of safety and help with their confidence Can be used to isolate a certain skill Negs - Over restrictive false sense of Kinaesthesis

Question 50

Intrinsic feedback ?

Answer 50

A type of continuous feedback that comes from the proprioceptors - nerve receptors in the muscles, ligaments and joints that pick up movement information

Question 51

Advantages of intrinsic feedback ?

Answer 51

This feedback occurs as the movement is performed , and is therefore readily available and movements can often be corrected or altered immediately. The performer does not have to rely on others Can improve performance

Question 52

Disadvantage of intrinsic feedback ?

Answer 52

May not lead to accurate interpretation if the performer is in the cognitive stage or is unable to interpret the information Can effect the performance and may deteriorate

Question 53

Extrinsic feedback ?

Answer 53

Feedback that comes from external sources

Question 54

Advantages of extrinsic feedback ?

Answer 54

The coach can give coaching points that may lead to improvements , as long as the information is accurate and relevant

Question 55

Disadvantages of extrinsic feedback ?

Answer 55

Can affect the performance of the athlete if not explained properly or if the information is unreliable the motivation will decrease

Question 56

Positive feedback ?

Answer 56

Reinforces skill learning an gives information about a successful movement

Question 57

Positives and negatives of positive feedback ?

Answer 57

pros - Positive reinforcement and strengthen S-R bonds Negs- If undeserved the performer may build inappropriate S-R bonds

Question 58

Negative feedback ?

Answer 58

Information about an unsuccessful movement , which can be used to improve strategy

Question 59

Positives and negatives of negative feedback ?

Answer 59

Pros - some are motivated by negative feedback , clear about certain aspects of the skill or movement Negs- can demotivate the performer and create inappropriate S-R bonds

Question 60

Knowledge of performance ?

Answer 60

This is the feedback about the pattern of movement that has taken , or is taking place. It is normally associated with external feedback but can be gained through Kinaesthetic sense

Question 61

Knowledge of results ?

Answer 61

This feedback is external , and can come from the performer seeing the result of their response or another person , usually a coach or a teacher. It important for the performer to know what the result was