Skeletal and Muscular Systems Flashcards
musculoskeletal system:
consists of the skeletal system (bones and joints) and the skeletal muscle system (voluntary or striated muscle). Working together, these two systems protect the internal organs, maintain posture, produce blood cells, store minerals and enable the body to move.
skeletal system:
consists of the bones and joints
skeletal muscle system:
voluntary or striated muscle
Skeleton
the bones or shell of an animal that support and protect it as well as allowing movement
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the pieces of hard tissue that make up the skeleton of a vertebrate
bone marrow:
a substance inside bones in which blood cells are made
cartilage:
a waxy, whitish, flexible substance that lines or connects bone joints or, in some animals such as sharks, replaces bone as the supporting skeletal tissue. The ears and tips of noses of people are shaped by cartilage.
calcium:
an element occurring in limestone, chalk, also present in vertebrates and other animals as a component of bone, shell etc. It is necessary for nerve conduction, heartbeat, muscle contraction and many other physiological functions.
phosphorus:
a substance that plays an important role in almost every chemical reaction in the body. Together with calcium, it is required by the body to maintain healthy bones and teeth.
minerals:
any of the inorganic elements that are essential to the functioning of the human body and are obtained from foods
ossification:
hardening of bones
brittle:
breaks easily into many pieces
ligaments:
band of tough tissue that connects the ends of bones or keeps an organ in place
joint:
region where two bones meet
synovial fluid:
the liquid inside the cavity surrounding a joint that helps bones to slide freely over each other
pivot joint:
joint that allows a twisting movement
hinge joints:
joints in which two bones are connected so that movement occurs in one plane only
ball and socket joints:
joints where the rounded end of one bone fits into the hollow end of another
immovable joints:
joints that allow no movement except when absorbing a hard blow
muscles:
tissue consisting of cells that can shorten
involuntary muscles:
muscles not under the control of the will; they contract slowly and rhythmically. These muscles are at work in the heart, intestines and lungs.
voluntary muscles:
muscle attached to bones; it moves the bones by contracting and is controlled by an animal’s thoughts
tendons:
tough rope-like tissue connecting a muscle to a bone
greenstick fracture:
a break that is not completely through the bone, often seen in children
fracture:
a break in a bone
stem cells:
undeveloped cells found in blood and bone marrow
osteoporosis:
loss of bone mass that causes bones to become lighter, more fragile and easily broken
sprains:
injury caused by tearing a ligament
arthritis:
a condition in which inflammation of the joints causes them to swell and become painful
tennis elbow:
an injury due to strain or overuse that causes the elbow’s lining to become inflamed and painful
torn hamstrings:
a common sporting injury caused by overstretching the hamstring muscle, which joins the pelvis to the knee joint
erythrocytes:
red blood cells
leucocytes:
white blood cells
plasma:
the yellowish, liquid part of blood that contains water, minerals, food and wastes from cells
red blood cells:
living cells in the blood that transport oxygen to all other living cells in the body
haemoglobin:
the red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen
oxyhaemoglobin:
haemoglobin with oxygen molecules attached
white blood cells:
living cells that fight bacteria and viruses as part of the human body’s immune system
platelets:
small bodies involved in blood clotting. They are responsible for healing by clumping together around a wound.
oxygenated blood:
describes the bright red blood that has been supplied with oxygen in the lungs
deoxygenated blood:
describes blood from which some oxygen has been removed
vena cava:
large vein leading into the top right chamber of the heart
left atrium:
upper left section of the heart where oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the heart
right atrium:
upper right section of the heart where deoxygenated blood from the body enters
left ventricle:
lower left section of the heart, which pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body
right ventricle:
lower right section of the heart, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
valves:
flap-like folds in the lining of a blood vessel or other hollow organ that allow a liquid, such as blood, to flow in one direction only
‘lub dub’:
the sound made by the heart valves as they close
blood pressure:
measures how strongly the blood is pumped through the body’s main arteries
systolic pressure:
the higher blood pressure reading during contraction of the heart muscles
diastolic pressure:
the lower blood pressure reading during relaxation of the heart muscles
heartbeat:
contraction of the heart muscle occurring about 60–100 times per minute
pulse:
alternating contraction and expansion of arteries due to the pumping of blood by the heart
pacemaker:
electronic device inserted in the chest to keep the heart beating regularly at the correct rate. It works by stimulating the heart with tiny electrical impulses.
cardiac muscle:
special kind of muscle in the heart that never tires. It is involved in pumping blood through the heart.
