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PE Paper 1 > skeletal and muscular systems > Flashcards

skeletal and muscular systems Flashcards

1
Q

name the type of joint that is found at the shoulder and hip

A

ball and socket

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2
Q

name the two ball and socket joints

A

shoulder, hip

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3
Q

what type of joint is the knee, elbow and ankle

A

hinge

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4
Q

give 3 examples of a hinge joint

A

ankle, knee, elbow

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5
Q

what is the joint at the wrist called

A

condyloid

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6
Q

what is an example of a condyloid joint

A

wrist

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7
Q

what is an example of a condyloid joint

A

wrist

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8
Q

what are the articulating bones of the shoulder

A

humerous, scapula

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9
Q

what are the articulating bones of the hip joint

A

pelvis, femus

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10
Q

what are the articulating bones of the knee joint

A

femur, tibia

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11
Q

what are the articulating bones at an elbow joint

A

humerous, radius, ulna

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12
Q

what are the articulating bones of the ankle joint

A

tibia, talus, fibula

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13
Q

what are the articulating bones of the wrist joint

A

carples, ulna, radius

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14
Q

what joint actions happen at the elbow

A

flexion, extension

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15
Q

what are the joint actions of the knee

A

flexion, extension

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16
Q

what are the joint actions of the wrist

A

flexion, extension

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17
Q

what are the joint actions at the ankle

A

plantar flexion, dorsi flexion

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18
Q

what joint actions happen at the shoulder

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, horizontal flexion, horizontal extension, medial rotation, lateral rotation

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19
Q

what joint actions happen at the hip

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation

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20
Q

what joint actions happen in the sagittal plane

A

flexion, extension, plantar flexion, dorsi flexion
(SEF)

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21
Q

what joint actions happen in the frontal plane

A

abduction, adduction
(FAA)

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22
Q

what joint actions happen in the transverse plane

A

horizontal flexion, horizontal extension, medial rotation, lateral rotation

23
Q

what is the agonist

A

the muscle responsible for the movement at the joint

24
Q

what is the antagonist

A

the muscle that has an action opposite to the agonist

25
Q

what is the fixator

A

the muscle that stabilises the joint

26
Q

what is an isotonic muscle contraction

A

the muscle contracts and changes length

27
Q

what is an isometric muscle contraction

A

the muscle contracts but doesn’t change length or width

28
Q

what is a concentric muscle contraction

A

where the muscle shortens as it contracts

29
Q

what is an eccentric muscle contraction

A

where the muscle lengthens as it contracts

30
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist for flexion and extension at the elbow

A

flexion: agonist= bicep brachii, antagonist= tricep brachii
extension: agonist= tricep brachii, antagonist= bicep brachii

31
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist for dorsi and plantar flexion at the ankle

A

dorsi flexion: agonist= tibialis anterior, antagonist= gastrocnemius
plantar flexion: agonist= gastrocnemius, antagonist= tibialis anterior

32
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist for flexion and extension at the knee

A

flexion: agonist= bicep femoris (hamstring), antagonist= rectus femoris (quads)
extension: agonist= rectus femoris, antagonist= bicep femoris

33
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist for flexion and extension at the wrist

A

flexion: agonist= wrist flexors, antagonist= wrist extensors
extension: agonist= wrist extensors, antagonist= wrist flexors

34
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist for flexion and extension at the hip

A

flexion: agonist= illiopsoas, antagonist= gluteus maxiumus
extension: agonist= gluteus maximus, antagonist= illiopsoas

35
Q

what are the antagonistic pairs for abduction and adduction at the hip

A

abduction: agonist= gluteus medius, antagonist= adductor longus
adduction: agonist= adductor longus, antagonist= gluteus medius

36
Q

what are the antagonist pairs for medial and lateral rotation at the hip

A

medial rotation: agonist = gluteus minimus, antagonist= gluteus maximus
lateral rotation: agonist= gluteus maximus, antagonist= gluteus minimus

37
Q

what is the antagonistic pair for flexion and extension at the shoulder

A

flexion: anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid
extension: posterior deltoid, anterior deltoid

38
Q

what is the antagonistic pair for adduction and abduction at the shoulder

A

adduction: latissimus dorsi, medial deltoid
abduction: medial deltoid, latissimus dorsi

39
Q

what is the antagonistic pair for horizontal flexion and extension at the shouder

A

horizontal flexion: pectoralis major, trapezius
horizontal extension: trapezius, pectoralis major

40
Q

what is the antagonistic pair for medial and lateral rotation at the shoulder

A

medial rotation: teres major, teres minor
lateral rotation: teres minor, teres major

41
Q

what is a motor neuron

A

a nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres

42
Q

what is a motor unit

A

a motor neuron and the muscle fibres it stimulates

43
Q

what are small muscles used for

A

fine motor control

44
Q

describe the role of a motor unit

A
  • nerve impulse is initiated in the motor neuron cell body
  • nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft
  • neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap to muscle fibres
  • if the electrical charge is above a threshold the muscle fibre will contract
  • tis happens in an “all or none” fashion
45
Q

list 5 functional characteristics of slow oxidative muscle fibres

A
  • high oxidative capacity
  • low anaerobic capacity
  • high resistance to fatigue
  • slow speed of contraction
  • low force of contraction
  • red in colour
46
Q

list 5 functional characteristics of fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres

A

-fast contractions
-high force of contraction
-moderate oxidative capacity
- high anaerobic capacity
-moderate resistance to fatigue
- pink in colour

47
Q

list 5 functional characteristics of fast glycolytic muscle fibres

A

-fastest speed of contractions
-highest force of contractions
-low oxidative capacity
- high anaerobic capacity
-low resistance to fatigue
-white in colour

48
Q

list 6 structural characteristics of slow oxidative fibers

A
  • small neuron size
  • few fibers per neuron
  • high capillary density
  • high mitochondria density
  • high myoglobin content
  • low PC stores
49
Q

list 6 structural characteristics of fast oxidative muscle fibres

A
  • large neurons
  • many fibres per neuron
  • high capillary density
  • moderate mitochondria density
  • moderate myoglobin density
  • high PC stores
50
Q

list 6 structural characteristics of fast glycolytic fibres

A
  • large neuron
  • many fibres per neuron
  • low capillary density
  • low mitochondria density
  • low myoglobin density
  • high PC stores
51
Q

high athletes will have the highest percentage of slow oxidative muscle fibres

A
  • marathon runners
  • triathletes
  • cross- country runners
  • skiers
52
Q

which athletes will have the highest percentage of fast oxidative muscle fibres

A

800-1500m runner
200m freestyle swim

53
Q

which athletes will have the highest percentage of fast glycolytic fibres

A

explosive athletes:
- 60-100m sprint
- javelin
- long jump

PE Paper 1 (18 decks)

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