Energy for Exercise Flashcards
define ATP
the only useable source of energy in the body for muscular contraction
show the equation for the breakdown of ATP
ATPase
ATP ———–> ADP + phosphate + energy
what kind of reaction is the breakdown of ATP
exothermic (releases energy)
show the equation for the resynthesis of ATP
ADP + P + energy ——> ATP
define coupled reaction
where the products of one reaction are used in another reaction
define an exothermic reaction
a chemical reaction that releases energy
define an endothermic reaction
a chemical reaction which absorbs energy
write out BYEFEDS for the ATP-PC system
By-products = none
Yield = 1 ATP
Enzymes = creatine kinase
Fuel = phosphocreatine
Equations = PC (creatine kinase) -----> P + C + energy (exothermic)
energy + ADP + P ----> ATP (endothermic)
Duration = 2-10 seconds
Site = sarcoplasmwhat are the advantages and disadvantages of the ATP-PC energy system
+ can be resynthesized quickly
+ PC stores resynthesised quickly (30 secs = 50%, 3 mins = 100%)
+ no fatiguing by-products
+ can extend duration by taking creatine supplements
+ no delay as O2 is not needed
- limited supply of PC in muscles
- only 1 mole of ATP can be resynthesised through 1 mole of PC
- PC resynthesis can only take place in the presence of O2 so intensity would have to be reduced
show the flowchart of the anaerobic glycolytic energy system
describe the advantages and disadvantages of the anaerobic glycolytic energy system
+ ATP resynthesises quickly as few chemical reactions
+ with sufficient O2 lactic acid converts back into glycogen in liver or into CO2 and H2O
+ used as extra burst of energy e.g. sprint finish
+ oxygen not required
- lactic acid is fatiguing
- lactic acid prevents enzymes from increasing the rate of chemical reactions
- small amount of energy can be released from glycogen under anaerobic conditions
- short duration
show the flowchart for the aerobic energy system
describe the advantages and disadvantages of the aerobic energy system
+ high yield of 38 ATP
+ no fatiguing by-products
+ lots of glycogen and triglyceride stores so exercise can last for a long time
- cannot be used straight away
- delay for oxygen supply to meet demand and for fatty acids and glycogen to be completely broken down
- doesn’t work at high intensities
how does oxygen supply and fuel effect which system is used
O2 supply:
- if O2 is available aerobic system used
- if no O2 available then anaerobic and ATP-PC system used
- if activity is short in duration then not enough time to transport O2 to working muscles so ATP-Pc system will be used (up to 10 seconds)
fuel availability:
- pc stores = if available then use ATP-PC (cant use after 10 secs)
- glycogen = if glycogen present then anaerobic glycolytic if high intensity, if low intensity then aerobic. greater glycogen stores in muscle and liver the longer aerobic system can be used
- fats = if available then aerobic system used
define the energy continuum
describes the relative contribution of each of the 3 energy systems to re-synthesise ATP according to duration and intensity
show which energy systems represent which line of the energy continuum
define intermittent exercise
a performer can move between any energy systems depending on the intensity and duration of the activity and fuels available
define threshold
the point at which that energy system is unable to provide energy
describe the use of recovery periods
- ## timeouts/ breaks between quarters/ half- times/ breaks between sets
describe the factors that effect the contribution of energy systems
- position of player = goalkeeper predominantly aerobic/ midfielder anaerobic glycolytic
- tactics and strategies = man to man predominantly anaerobic glycolytic/ zonal marking more aerobic
- level of competition = high comp is anaerobic/ low comp is aerobic
- structure = field games are more aerobic due to large pitch/ court games ae higher intensity more anaerobic
define EPOC
volume of O2 consumed post- exercise to return the body to its pre-exercise state
define oxygen deficit
the volume of oxygen that would be required to complete the activity entirely aerobically
draw a diagram showing how O2 consumption increases during exercise
describe alactacid component of epoc
- replenish ATP and PC stores (4L O2 (50%= 30secs, 100%= 3 mins)
- replenish myoglobin with oxygen (1 min, 0.5L O2)
describe the lactacid component of epoc
- remove lactic acid (50%=30mins, 100%-1hour)(5-8L O2)
- restore glycogen levels (consume carbohydrates)
describe the components of lactic acid removal
- lactic acid is oxidised into carbon dioxide and water (65%)
- converted into glucose and then glycogen stored in muscles/ liver (25%)
- converted into protein by cori cycle in liver/ removed as sweat and urine (10%)
explain how CO2 is removed from the body `
- CO2 dissolves in blood plasma which decreases blood pH this triggers chemoreceptors to stimulate CCC and RCC to elevate cardiac output and respiratory rate therefore removing CO2 via the lungs through expiration
define OBLA
the point at which lactic acid begins to accumulate in the blood (4mmol.l)
