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DAT > Skeletal and Muscular System > Flashcards

Skeletal and Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Endoskeleton

A

-serves as the framework with in all vertebrate organisms
-provides protection by surrounding internal organs with bone
c

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2
Q

what does the rib cage protect?

A

protects the thoracic organs (lungs and heart)

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3
Q

What does the skull protect?

A

the brain

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4
Q

What does the vertebral column protect?

A

spinal chord

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5
Q

what are the two main components of the endoskeleton?

A

cartilage and bone

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6
Q

Cartilage

A

a type of connective tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone
-retained in adults in places where firmness and flexibility are needed

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7
Q

What contains cartilage on humans?

A

external ear, nose, walls of the larynx and trachea, and skeletal joints

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8
Q

Chrondocytes

A

cells responsible for synthesizing cartilage

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9
Q

Bone

A

specialized type of mineralized connect tissue that has the ability to withstand physical stress

  • bone is adapted for body support
  • bone tissue is hard and strong while lightweight and elastic
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10
Q

What are the two basic types of bones?

A

compact and spongy

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11
Q

compact bones

A
  • is dense bone that does not appear to have any cavities when observed with the naked eye
  • the bony matrix is deposited into structural units called OSTEONS
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12
Q

Osteons

A

-consists of a central microscopic channel called Hervesian canal, surrounded by a number of concentric circles of boney matrix called LAMALLE

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13
Q

Spongy Bone

A

-much less dense and consist of an interconnecting lattice of bony spicules

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14
Q

Yellow marrow of spongy bone

A

is inactive and infiltrated by adipose tissue

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15
Q

Red Marrow of spongy bone

A

is involved in blood cell formation

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16
Q

what are Osteocytes and the two kinds

A

osteocytes are a type of cell found in bone tissue

  • Osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts
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17
Q

osteoblasts

A

synthesize and secrete the organic material of the bone matrix
-once they have become surrounded by their matrix they mature into osterocytes

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18
Q

Osteoclasts

A

large, multinucleate cells involved in bone reabsorption

-where bone is broken down and minerals are released into the blood

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19
Q

Bone Formation

A

occurs by either endochondral ossification or intramembranous ossification

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20
Q

endochondral ossification

A
  • existing cartilage is replaced by bone

- large bones primarily form

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21
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

-messenchymal (embryonic or undifferentiated) connective tissue is transformed into and replaced by bone

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22
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

basic framework of the body

-consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

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23
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

point of attachment

-includes the bonds of the appendages (limbs) and the pectoral and pelvic girdles

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24
Q

Ligaments

A

bone to bone connectors

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25
Q

Tendons

A

attach skeletal muscles to bones

-bend the skeleton at moveable joints

26
Q

What holds the bones of the skull together?

A

sutures or immovable joints

27
Q

Origin

A

the point of attachment to a stationary bone

-ex: proximal end and limb muscles

28
Q

insertion

A

the point of attachment of a muscle to a bone that moves

29
Q

extension

A

indicates the straightening of a joint

30
Q

Flexion

A

refers to the bending of a joint

31
Q

What does muscle tissue consist of?

A

consists of bundles of specialized contractive fibers held together by connective tissue

32
Q

What are the different types of muscles?

A

skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardia muscles

33
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

responsible for voluntary movements and is innervated by the somatic nervous system
-has striations of light and dark bands reffered to as STRIATED BANDS

34
Q

What is embedded in the muscle fibers?

A

filaments called MYOFIBRILS

35
Q

What are myofibrils further divided into?

A

contractile vacuoles called SACROMERES

36
Q

Sacroplasmic Reticulum

A

envelope the myofibrils

-is a modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium ions

37
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

38
Q

Sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of a muscle fiber

  • capable of making an action potential
  • is connectd to a system of transverse tubules (T-system)
39
Q

T-systems

A

provides channels for ion flow throughout the muscle fibers

-can make an action potential

40
Q

Sacromeres

A

composed of thin and thick filaments

  • the thin filaments are chains of actin molecules
  • the thick filaments are organized bundles of myosin molecules
41
Q

Z lines

A
  • defines the boundaries of a signal sacromere
  • anchor the thin filaments

-during contraction the Z lines move toward each other

42
Q

M line

A

runs down the center of the sacromere

43
Q

I Band

A

region containing the thin filaments ONLY of the sacromere

-Reduced in size when contraction occurs

44
Q

H zone

A

region containing thick filaments only of the sacromere

-reduced in size when contraction occurs

45
Q

A band

A

spans the entire length of the thick filament and any overlapping portions of the thin filaments
-DOES NOT reduce in size when contraction occurs

46
Q

Contraction

A

stimulated by a message from the somatic nervous system sent via a motor neuron

47
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

link between the nerve terminal and the sacrollema of the muscle fiber

48
Q

Synapse/Synaptic Cleft

A

is in-between the neuromuscular junction and sacrollema

49
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

after death our muscles go into this state

-our muscles contract and become rigid, even without action potentials

50
Q

What are the 5 major types of muscle contractions?

A
  1. isotonic
  2. dynamic
  3. concentric
  4. eccentric
  5. Isometric
51
Q

Isotonic muscle contractions

A

contraction occurs when a muscle shortens against a fixed load while the tension on that muscle remains constant

52
Q

Dynamic Muscle contraction

A

includes both concentric and eccentric types of contraction

-results in the change in length of the muscle with a corresponding change of tension on the mucles

53
Q

concentric muscle contraction

A

a type of dynamic contraction

-the muscle fibers shortens and the tension on the muscle increases

54
Q

Eccentric muscle contraction

A

contraction is a type of dynamic contraction of the muscles -the muscle fibers lengthen and then tension of the muscles increases

55
Q

Isometric muscle contraction

A

contraction occurs when both ends o the muscle are fixed and no change in length occurs during contraction, BUT THE TENSION INCREASES

56
Q

What elicits a contraction?

A

muscles exhibit an all or none response

-ONLY a stimulus above a minimum (THRESHOLD VALUE) can elicit a contraction

57
Q

How can you increase the strength of contraction of a single muscle fiber?

A

CANT regardless of the strength of the stimuli

58
Q

HOw can you increase the strength of contraction of entire muscle?

A

can be done

-can increase strength by recruiting more muscle fibers

59
Q

Simple twitch

A

muscle response

  • response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above the threshold value
  • consists of a latent period, contraction period, and relaxation period
60
Q

what is the latent period of simple twitch

A

is the time between stimulation and the onset of contraction

-the action potential spreads along the sacrollema and Ca2+ ions are released

61
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

after the contraction period there is a brief relaxation period during which the muscle is unresponsive to a stimulus

62
Q

Temporal stimulation

A

?

DAT (10 decks)

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