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DAT > Feralis Bio > Flashcards

Feralis Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Atom

A

made up of neutrons, electrons, and protons

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2
Q

Molecules

A

group of 2 or more atoms held together by a chemical bond

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3
Q

chemical bonds

A

due to electron interactions

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4
Q

Electronegativity

A

the ability of an atom to attract electrons

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5
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

transfer of electrons from one atom to another (different electronegativities)

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6
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

electrons are shared between atoms (similar electronegativity)
-can be single, double, or triple bonds

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7
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds

A

equal sharing of electrons

-identical electronegativity

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8
Q

Polar Cavalent bonds

A

unequal sharing of electrons

-different electronegativity and formation of a dipole

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9
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

weak bond between molecules with a hydrogen attached to a highly electronegative atom and attracted to a negative charge on another molecule (has to be N, O , or F)

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10
Q

Properties of water

A
  • excellent solvent: dipoles of H2O break up charged ionic molecules
  • High Heat capacity: the temp of large water body are very stable in response to temperature changes of surrounding fair; must add large amount of energy to warm up water. High heat of vaporization as well
  • ICE FLOATS: water expands as it freezes, becomes less dense the its liquid form (H-bonds become rigid and form a crystal that keeps molecules separated)
  • COHESION/SURFACE TENSION: attraction between like substance due to H-bonds: the strong cohesion between molecules produces a high surface tension
  • ADHESION: attraction of UNLIKE substances (wet finger and flip pages); capillary action of liquid to flow without external forces (against gravity)
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11
Q

Functional Group

A

a particular cluster of atoms

-give molecules unique properties

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12
Q

Hydroxyl

properties

A

(-OH)

  • polar
  • hydrophilic
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13
Q

Carboxyl properties

A
  • COOH
  • polar
  • hydrophilic
  • weak acid
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14
Q

Amino properties

A

NH2

  • polar
  • hydrophilic
  • weak base
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15
Q

Phosphate properties

A

PO3

  • polar
  • hydrophilic
  • acid
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16
Q

Carbonyl properties

A

(C=O)

  • polar and hydrophobic
  • aldehyde
  • ketone
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17
Q

Methyl

A

CH3

  • nonpolar
  • hydrophobic
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18
Q

Monosaccharide

A

-Type of Carbohydrate
-single sugar molecule (ex: glucose and fructose)
-alpha or beta based on position of H and OH on first carbon
(down=alpha, up=beta)

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19
Q

Disaccharide

A

-type of carbohydrate
-two sugar molecules joined by a glycosidic linkage (joined by dehydration)
-Ex: Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
or Lactose (glucose + galactose) + Maltose (glucose + glucose)

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20
Q

Polysaccharide

A
  • type of carbohydrate
  • series of connected monosaccharides
  • polymer
  • bond via dehydration syntehsis
  • breakdown via hydrolysis
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21
Q

Starch

A

a polymer of alpha-glucose molecules

-stores energy in plant cells

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22
Q

Glycogen

A
  • a polymer of alpha-glucose molecules
  • store energy in animal cells
  • differ in polymer branching
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23
Q

Cellulose

A
  • a polymer of Beta-glucose

- structural molecules for walls of plant cells and wood

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24
Q

Chitin

A
  • polymer similar to cellulose, but each Beta glucose has a nitrogen-containing group attached to ring
  • structural molecule in fungal cell walls (also exoskeleton of insects etc.)
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25
Q

Lipids

A
  • hydrophobic molecules

- functions: insulation, energy storage, structural (cholesterol and phospholipids in membrane), endocrine

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26
Q

Triglycerides

A
  • type of lipid

- three fatty acid chains attach to a glycerol backbone

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27
Q

Saturated Triglyceride

A

no double bonds

  • bad for health
  • saturated= straight chain= stack densely and form fat plaque
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28
Q

Unsaturated Triglyceride

A

double bonds

  • better for health
  • unsaturated=double bonds cause branching= stack less dense
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29
Q

Phospholipid

A
  • type of lipid
  • two fatty acids and a phosphate group (+R) attached to glycerol backbone
  • AMPHIPATHIC
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30
Q

Amphipathic

A

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties

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31
Q

Steroids

A

three 6 membered rings and one 5 membered ring

-hormones and cholesterol(membrane component)

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32
Q

Wax

A
  • lipid derivative
  • esters of fatty acids and monohydroxylic alcohols
  • use as protective coating or exoskeleton
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33
Q

Carotenoids

A
  • lipid derivative
  • fatty acid carbon chains with conjugated double bonds and six membered C-rings at each end
  • pigments which produce colors in plants and animals– carotenes and xanthophylls (subgroups)
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34
Q

Porphyrins

A
  • lipid derivatives
  • tetrapyrroles
  • 4 joined pyrrole rings
  • often complex with metal
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35
Q

Adipocytes

A
  • specialized fat cells
  • white fat cells contain a large lipid droplet composed primarily of triglycerides with a small layer of cytoplasm around it
  • Brown fat cells have considerable cytoplasm, lipid droplets scattered throughout, and lost of mitochondria
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36
Q

Glycolipids

A

-are like phospohlipids but with carb group instead of phosphorus group.

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37
Q

How are lipids transported in the blood?

A

lipids are insoluble thus they are transported via lipoproteins (lipid core surrounded by phospholipids and apolipoproteins)

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38
Q

Storage Protein

A
  • casein in milk
  • ovalbumin in egg whites
  • zein in corn seeds
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39
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Hemoglobin carries oxygen

cytochromes carry electrons

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40
Q

Enzymes

A
  • amylase catalyzes the reaction that breaks the alpha-glycosidic bonds in starch
  • catalyzes a reaction in both forward and reverse directions based on substrate
  • -efficiency is determined by temp and pH
  • cannot change spontaneity of a reaction
  • ALWAYS CONSIDERED TO BE PROTEINS, but sometimes RNA can act as an enzyme Ribozyme
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41
Q

Cofactor

A

nonprotein molecules that assist in enzymes.

  • can be organic (called coenzymes ex: vitamin) or inorganic (metal ions Fe2+ and Mg2+)
  • if cofactor strongly covalently bonds to enzymes its called a prosthetic group
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42
Q

Globular Proteins

A
  • somewhat water soluble
  • many functions: enzymes, hormones, inter and intracellular storage and transport, osmotic regulation, immune response etc.
  • mostly dominated by tertiary structure
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43
Q

Fibrous/structural proteins

A

not water soluble

  • made from long polymers
  • maintain and add strength to cellular and matrix structure
  • mostly dominated by secondary structure
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44
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

membrane pumps/channels/ receptors

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45
Q

Protein Denaturation

A

The secondary and tertiary structure of the protein is basically removed, but not necessarily means that the protein is broken down into individual amino acids
-usually irreversible

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46
Q

nucleoside

A

sugar + Base

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47
Q

Nucleotide

A

nitrogen base, five carbon sugar deoxyribose, phosphate group

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48
Q

Purines

A
  • 2 rings
  • adenine and guanine
  • 2 Hydrogen bonds
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49
Q

Pyrimidines

A
  • 1 ring
  • Thymine, cytosine
  • 3 hydrogen bonds
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50
Q

Cell doctrine/theory

A
  • all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • the cell is the basic unit of structure, function, and organization in all organisms
  • all cells come from preexisting, living cells
  • cells carry hereditary information in the form of DNA
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51
Q

RNA world hypothesis

A

proposes that self-replicating ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecule were precursors to current life (based on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), RNA and proteins).

  • RNA stores genetic information like DNA and catalyzes chemical reactions like an enzyme protein
  • may have played a major step in the evolution of cellular life
  • RNA is unstable compared to DNA, so more likely to participate in chemical reactions (due to its extra hydroxyl group)
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52
Q

Central Dogma of Genetics

A

biological information cannot be transferred back from protein to either protein or nucleic acid

DNA-> RNA-> Proteins

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53
Q

Stereomicroscope

A

visible light for surface of sample

-can look at living samples, but low resolution versus compound light microscope

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54
Q

Compound Microscope

A
  • visible light for thin section of sample
  • can look at SOME icing samples (single cell layer)
  • may require staining for good visibility
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55
Q

Phase contrast

A
  • uses light phases and contrast
  • allows for detailed observations of living organisms (including internal structures) if thin
  • Good resolution/contrast, but not good for thick samples and produces “halo effect” around perimeter of samples
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56
Q

Confocal Laser scanning and fluorescense

A
  • can look at thin slices while keeping sample intact.
  • can look at specific parts of the cell via fluorescent tagging
  • can look at living cells, but only fluorescently tagged parts
  • Fluorescence can cause artifacts
  • -used to observe chromosomes during mitosis

**confocal laser scanning microscope can be w/out fluorescence as well. Uses laser light to scan dyed specimen, then displays the image digitally

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57
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A
  • looks at the surface of (3D) objects with high resolution
  • can’t use on living
  • preparation is extensive (sample needs to be dried and coated)
  • costly
58
Q

CryoSEM

A

Like scanning electron microscope (SEM) but no dehydration/drying so you can look at samples in more “natural” form

  • can’t use on living
  • samples frozen for prep, which causes aritifacts
59
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

looks at very thin cross-sections in high detail

  • can look at internal structures
  • very high resolution
  • cant be used on living things
  • preparation is extensive
  • costly
60
Q

Electron Tomography

A

3D model buildup using TEM data

  • can look at objects in 3D and see objects relative to one another
  • Can’t be used on living things
61
Q

Centrifugation

A
  • spins and separates liquified cell homogenates

- seperate into layers based on density

62
Q

Catalysts

A

lower activation energy, accelerating the rate of the reaction

63
Q

Metabolsim

A

catabolism+ anabolism + energy transfer

64
Q

Characteristics of chemical reactions

A
  • concentration of reactants and products determine which way a reaction will go.
  • Enzymes are globular proteins that act as catalysts. –Substrate specific, unchanged during a reaction, catalyzes in both the forward and reverse direction, temperature and pH affect enzyme function, active site and induced fit is how enzymes bind
  • Cofactors are nonprotein molecules that assist enzymes usually by donating or accepting some component of a reaction like electrons
  • ATP is the common source of activation energy. New ATP IS formed via phosphorylation
65
Q

Allosteric enzymes

A

have both an active site for substrate binding and an allosteric site for binding of an allosteric effector (activator, inhibitor)

66
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

substance that mimics the substrate inhibits the enzyme by binding to the active site.

  • Can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration
  • Km changed (raised) but Vmaxx is not
67
Q

Noncompetitive inhibition

A

substance inhibits enzyme by binding elsewhere than active site, substrate still binds but reaction is prevent from completing.
-Km unchanged but Vmax is NOT

68
Q

Uncompetitive/anti-competitive inhibition

A

enzyme inhibitor binds only to the formed E-S complex preventing formation of product (Vmax is lowered)

69
Q

Cooperativity

A

enzyme becomes more receptive to additional substrate molecules after one substrate molecule attaches to an active site

70
Q

Km

A

is the Michaelis constant

  • it represents the substrate concentration at which the rate is half of Vmax
  • it is indirectly represents binding affinity in a way, Inversely
  • small Km indicates that the enzyme requires only a small amount of substrate to become saturated
  • Large Km indicates the need for high substrate concentration to achieve maximum reaction velocity

THUS a raise Km=substrate binding worse, lowered Km=substrate binding better

71
Q

Types of Membrane Proteins

A

Peripheral-loosely attached to one side surface

integral-imbeds inside the membrane

transmembrane-all the way through, both sides of the membrane

72
Q

Phopholipid membrane Permeability

A
  • small uncharged, non polar molecules and hydrophobic molecules can freely pass across the membrane. Polar molecules can only pass through if they are small and uncharged
  • everything else requires transporter (large, polar, charged molecules)
73
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A
  • hydrophilic
  • held in place by Hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction
  • Disrupt/detach by changing salt concentration or pH to disrupt these interactions
74
Q

Integral Proteins

A
  • hydrophobic

- use detergent to destroy membrane and expose these proteins

75
Q

Channel Proteins

A

provide passageway through membrane for hydrophilic (water soluble) substances
-polar and charged substances?

76
Q

Recognition proteins

A
  • such as major histocompatibility complex on macrophage to distinguish between self and foreign
  • they are glycoproteins due to oligosaccharides attached
77
Q

Ion Channels

A

passage of ions across membrane
-called gated channels in nerve and muscle cells, respond to stimuli
-these can be:
1) voltage gated- respond to difference in membrane potential
2)ligand gates- chemical binds and opens channel
3) mechanically gated- respond to pressure, vibration, temperature, etc.
4

78
Q

Porins

A

allow passage of certain ions and small polar molecules

  • aquaporins increase the rate of H2O passing (kidney an plant root cells)
  • these tend not to be specific, they’re just large passages, if you can fit you’d go through
79
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

-bind to specific molecules, protein changes changes shape, molecule passed across

EX: glucose into cell (this is a type of transport protein)
-Carrier proteins seem to be specific to movement across membrane via integral membrane protein

80
Q

Transport Proteins

A
  • can use ATP to transport materials across (NOT ALL TRANSPORT USE ATP)
  • Active Transport: EX: Na+, K+ pump to maintain gradients
  • Facilitate diffusion as well
  • Transport protein is a broad category

** CHAD”s quiz says transport use ATP sources but other sources contradict: transport can be facilitate diffusion

81
Q

Adhesion Proteins

A
  • attach cells to neighboring cells

- provide anchors for internal filaments and tubules (stability)

82
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

binding site for hormones and other trigger molecules

83
Q

Cholesterol

A

adds rigidity to membrane of animal cells under normal conditions, but at norma temperature it maintains its fluidity

  • STEROLs provide similar function in plant cells
  • prokaryotes DO NOT HAVE cholesterol in their membranes instead they use hopanoids
84
Q

Glycocalyx

A

a carbohydrate coat that covers outer face of cell wall of some bacteria and outer face of plasma membrane in some animal cells

  • it consists of glycolipids (attached to plasma membrane) and glycoproteins (such as recognition proteins)
  • it may provide adhesive capabilities, a barrier to infection, or markers for cell-cell recognition
85
Q

Nucleus

A
  • where DNA is located
  • the nucleus is bound by double layer nuclear envelope with nuclear pores for transport (mRNA, ribosome subunits, dNTPs, proteins like RNA polymerase and histones, etc.)

-there is no cytoplasm inside the nucleus there is a nucleoplasm!

86
Q

nucleolus

A

inside the nucleus are the marker of ribosomes (rRNA)
-rRNA are synthesized inside the nucleolus and ribosomal proteins are imported from cytoplasm which results in the formation of ribosomal subunits

87
Q

Chromatin

A

is the general packaging structure of DNA around proteins in eukaryotes, the tightness of the packaging varies depending on cell stage

88
Q

Chromosomes

A

is tightly condensed chromatin when the cell is ready to divide

89
Q

Histones

A

serve to organize DNA which DNA coils around histones to form nucleosomes

90
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

dense fibrillar network inside nucleus of eukaryotic cells

  • intermediate filaments and membrane associated proteins
  • provides mechanical support
  • helps regulate DNA replication, cell division, and chromatin organization
91
Q

Nucleoid

A

irregular shaped region within the cell of prokaryote that contains all/most genetic material

92
Q

Cytoplasm

A

THIS IS AN AREA NOT A STRUCTURE

  • metabolic activity and transport occurs here
  • cyclosis is streaming movement within the cell
  • doesn’t include nucleus, but does include cytosol, organelles, everything suspended within cytosol BUT NOT THE NUCLEUS
93
Q

Cytosol

A
  • also known as the cytoplasmic matrix

- cytosol doesn’t include the stuff suspended within the gel-like substance it is just the GEL LIKE STUFF

94
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • 60s + 40s=80s, eukaryotic
  • 50s+ 30s= 70s, prokaryotic
  • the two subunits produced inside the nucleolus is moved into the cytoplasm where it is where it assembles into a single 80s ribosome/70s ribosome.
  • larger s value indicates heavier molecule
  • made of RNA and protein
  • function to make proteins
95
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Rough ER: with ribosomes, creates glycoproteins by attaching polysaccharides to polypeptides as they are assembled by ribosomes. In eukaryotes the rough ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane.
  • Smooth ER- no ribosomes, synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones for export. In liver cells, smooth ER has functions in breakdown drugs, and toxic-by products from cellular reactions.

Smooth striated muscle have smooth ER’s called SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUMS that store and release ions ex: Ca2+

96
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • vesicles produces from golgi that contain digestive enzymes (low pH for function), breakdown nutrients/bacteria/cell debris
  • Any enzyme that escapes from the lysosome remains inactive in neutral pH of cytosol (other sources says autolysis)
  • lysosomes in plant cells, BUT GENERALLY TAUGHT AS NONE
  • functions in apoptosis- which releases contents into cell
97
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • transport various substances in vesicles
  • cis face for incoming vesicles
  • trans face for secretory vesicles
  • has flattened sacs known as cisternae
98
Q

Peroxisomes

A

break downs substances, fatty acid, and amino acids

  • common in liver and kidney where they break down toxic substances
  • in plant cells, peroxisomes modify by-products of photorespiration
  • in germinating seeds it is called glyoxysosomes- breaks down stored fatty acids to help generate energy for growth
  • Peroxisome produces H2O2 which they then use to oxidize substrates, they can also breakdown H2O2 if necessary
99
Q

Microtubules

A
  • made up of protein tubulin
  • provide support and motility for cellular activities
  • spindle apparatus which guide chromosomes during division
  • in flagella and cilia (9+2 array, 9 pairs and 2 singlets in center) in all animal cells and lower plants (mosses and ferns)
100
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

provide support for maintaining cell shape

Ex: keratin

101
Q

Microfilament

A

made up of actin and involved in cell motility

-skeletal muscle, amoeba pseudopod, cleavage furrow

102
Q

Microtubules Organizing Centers (MTOCs)

A

include centrioles and basal bodies- are at the base of each flagellum and organize their development

  • 9x3 array
  • plant cells lack centrioles and its division by cell plate instead of cleavage furrow therefore they do not have MTOC’s
103
Q

Transport Vacuoles

A

-temporary receptacles of nutrients

0merge with lysosomes which break down food

104
Q

Central Vacuoles

A
  • large, occupy most of plant cell interior
  • exert turgor when fully filled to maintain rigidity
  • nutrients, cary out functions performed by lysosomes in animal cells
  • has a specialized membrane called a TONOPLAST
105
Q

Storage vacuole

A

plants store starch, pigments, and toxic substance (nicotine)

106
Q

Contractile Vacuole

A

in single celled organisms that collect and pump excess water of the cells (prevents bursting)

  • active transport
  • found in protista like amoeba and paramecia, organisms that live in hypotonic environment
107
Q

Cell walls

A

found in plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria

  • provides support
  • somtimes a secondary cell wall develops beneath the primary one
108
Q

What is the cell wall in plants made of?

A

celluose

109
Q

what is the cell wall in fungi made of?

A

chitin

110
Q

What is the cell wall in bacteria made of?

A

peptidoglycans

111
Q

What is the cell wall in archea made of?

A

polysaharrides

112
Q

Extracellular matrix

A
  • found in animals
  • area between adjacent cells (beyond plasma membrane and glycocalyx)
  • occupied by fibrous structural proteins, adhesion proteins, and polysaccharides secreted by cells
  • provde mechanical support and helps bind adjacent cells (collagen is most common)
113
Q

how do cells adhere to the extracellular matrix

A
  • focal adhesions- connection of extracellular matrix to actin fibronetin
  • hemidesmosomes- connection of extracellular matrix to intermediate filaments (ex: keratin)
114
Q

Plastids

A

found in plants cells

  • chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis)
  • leucoplasts (can specialize to store starch/lipid/protein as amyloplsats/elaioplasts/proteinplasts or serve general biosynthetic functions

-chromoplasts-store carotenoids

115
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • make ATP
  • fatty acid catabolism (beta-oxidation)
  • have their own circular DNA and ribosomes ( gives rise to endosymbiotic theory)
  • have a double layered membrane
116
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • microtubules (flagella and cilia), microfilaments, intermediate filaments
  • in eukaryotic cells it aids in cell division, cell crawling, and the movement of cytoplasm and organelles
117
Q

In plant cell the cytockeleton in a hypnotic solution

A
  • their normal state

- vacuole swells- TURGID

118
Q

In plant cel the cytoskeleton in a isotonic solution

A

-plant cell is flaccid

119
Q

in plant cell the cytoskeleton in a hypertonic solution

A

the cell is plasmolyzed- cytoplasm is pulled away from the cell wall

120
Q

Endomembrane system

A

in the network of organelles and structures, either directly or indirectly connected, that function in the transport of proteins and other macromolecules into or out of the cell

-includes the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, lysosome, vacuoles, vesicles, endosomes, BUT NOT THE MITOCHONDRIA or CHLOROPLASTS

121
Q

Brownian Movement

A
  • intracellular movement

- particle move due to kinetic energy, spreads small suspended particle throughout the cytoplasm

122
Q

Cyclosis/streaming

A
  • intracellular movement

- circular motion of cytoplasm around cell transport molecules

123
Q

Diffusion

A
  • Extracellular movement
  • if cells in close contact with external environment, this can suffice for food and respiration needs
  • used for transport of materials between cells and interstitial fluid around cells in more complex animals
124
Q

Circulatory System

A
  • extracellular movement
  • complex animals with cell to far from external environment require one.
  • uses vessels
125
Q

Eukaryotes

A

include all organisms except for bacteria, cyanobacteria, and arachaebacteria

126
Q

Prokaryotes

A

-have a plasma membrane, DNA molecule, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and cell wall

-NO NUCLEUS
- single (circular) naked dsDNA NO CHROMATIN
-50s+30s=70s ribosome
-cells walls=peptidoglycan
archea=polysachardes
many have sticky capsules on wall
-flagella are constructed from flagellin not microtubules

127
Q

Bulk Flow

A

collection of movement of substance in the same direction in response to a force or pressure
-EX: blood

128
Q

types of Passive Transport

A
  • simple diffusion
  • osmosis
  • dialysis
  • plasmolysis
  • facilitated diffusion
  • countercurrent exchange
129
Q

dialysis

A

diffusion of different solutes across a selectively permeable membrane

130
Q

Plasmolysis

A

movement of water out of a cell that results in its collapse

131
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

diffusion by bulk flow in opposite directions

-ex: blood and water in fish gills

132
Q

Active Transport

A
  • movement of transports against their concentration gradients requiring energy
  • usually solutes like small ions, amino acids, monosacchariedes
133
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • uses ATP (active process)

- invaginates material from the outside of the cell

134
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • uses ATP (active process)

- secretes vesicles outside the cell

135
Q

Phagocytosis

A

undissolved material (solid) enters cell

  • EX: white blood cell engulfs
  • plasma membrane wraps outward around material
136
Q

Pinocytosis

A
  • dissolved material (liquid)

- plasma membrane invaginates

137
Q

Receptor Mediated

A
  • a form of pinocytosis
  • specific molecules (ligand) bind to receptors
  • proteins that transport cholesterol in blood (LDL) and hormones target specific cells by this
138
Q

Anchoring Junctions

A
  • desmosome- keratin filaments inside attach to adhesion plaques which bind adjacent cells together via connecting adhesion proteins, provides mechanical stability and hold cellular structures together
  • in animals cells
  • present in tissues with mechanism stress: skin, epithelium, cervix/uterus
139
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Completely encircles each cell, producing a seal that prevents the passage of materials between cells

  • characteristic of cells lining the digestive tract where materials are required to pass through cells into blood
  • They prevent passage of molecules and ions through the space between cells so materials must actually enter the cells by diffusion or active transport in over to pass through the tissue

-in animal cells

140
Q

Gap junction

A
  • narrow tunnels between animal cells (connexins)
  • prevents cytoplasm of each cell from mixing, but allows passage of ions and small molecules
  • essentially channel proteins of two adjacent cells that are closely aligned (smooth muscle single of spreading action potential)
  • in animal cells
  • tissue like heart have these to pass electrical pulses
141
Q

Plasmodesmata

A
  • narrow tunnels between plant cells
  • narrow tube of endoplasmic reticulum-DESMOTUBULE
  • exchanges material through cytoplasms surrounding the desmotubule

DAT (10 decks)

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